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@ -73,12 +73,13 @@ Creating or deleting a LAMMPS object
************************************ ************************************
With the Python interface the creation of a :cpp:class:`LAMMPS With the Python interface the creation of a :cpp:class:`LAMMPS
<LAMMPS_NS::LAMMPS>` instance is included in the constructor for the <LAMMPS_NS::LAMMPS>` instance is included in the constructors for the
:py:func:`lammps <lammps.lammps>` class. Internally it will call either :py:meth:`lammps <lammps.lammps.__init__()>`, :py:meth:`PyLammps <lammps.PyLammps.__init__()>`,
:cpp:func:`lammps_open` or :cpp:func:`lammps_open_no_mpi` from the C and :py:meth:`PyLammps <lammps.IPyLammps.__init__()>` classes.
Internally it will call either :cpp:func:`lammps_open` or :cpp:func:`lammps_open_no_mpi` from the C
library API to create the class instance. library API to create the class instance.
All arguments are optional. The *name* argument is to allow loading a All arguments are optional. The *name* argument allows loading a
LAMMPS shared library that is named ``liblammps_machine.so`` instead of LAMMPS shared library that is named ``liblammps_machine.so`` instead of
the default name of ``liblammps.so``. In most cases the latter will be the default name of ``liblammps.so``. In most cases the latter will be
installed or used. The *ptr* argument is for use of the installed or used. The *ptr* argument is for use of the
@ -89,22 +90,111 @@ to the Python class and used instead of creating a new instance. The
*comm* argument may be used in combination with the `mpi4py <mpi4py_url_>`_ *comm* argument may be used in combination with the `mpi4py <mpi4py_url_>`_
module to pass an MPI communicator to LAMMPS and thus it is possible module to pass an MPI communicator to LAMMPS and thus it is possible
to run the Python module like the library interface on a subset of the to run the Python module like the library interface on a subset of the
MPI ranks after splitting the communicator. Here is a simple example: MPI ranks after splitting the communicator.
.. code-block:: python
from lammps import lammps Here are simple examples using all three Python interfaces:
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the Python module .. tabs::
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
lmp = lammps(cmdargs=args)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", lmp.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
lmp.close()
Same as with the :ref:`C library API <lammps_c_api>` this will use the .. tab:: lammps API
.. code-block:: python
from lammps import lammps
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the lammps class constructor
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
lmp = lammps(cmdargs=args)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", lmp.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
lmp.close()
.. tab:: PyLammps API
The :py:class:`PyLammps` class is a wrapper around the
:py:class:`lammps` class and all of its lower level functions.
By default, it will create a new instance of :py:class:`lammps` passing
along all arguments to the constructor of :py:class:`lammps`.
.. code-block:: python
from lammps import PyLammps
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the lammps class constructor
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
L = PyLammps(cmdargs=args)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", L.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
L.close()
:py:class:`PyLammps` objects can also be created on top of an existing :py:class:`lammps` object:
.. code-block:: Python
from lammps import lammps, PyLammps
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the lammps class constructor
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
lmp = lammps(cmdargs=args)
# create PyLammps instance using previously created LAMMPS instance
L = PyLammps(ptr=lmp)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", L.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
L.close()
This is useful if you have to create the :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>`
instance is a specific way, but want to take advantage of the
:py:class:`PyLammps <lammps.PyLammps>` interface.
.. tab:: IPyLammps API
The :py:class:`IPyLammps` class is an extension of the
:py:class:`PyLammps` class. It has the same construction behavior. By
default, it will create a new instance of :py:class:`lammps` passing
along all arguments to the constructor of :py:class:`lammps`.
.. code-block:: python
from lammps import IPyLammps
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the lammps class constructor
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
L = IPyLammps(cmdargs=args)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", L.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
L.close()
You can also initialize IPyLammps on top of an existing :py:class:`lammps` or :py:class:`PyLammps` object:
.. code-block:: Python
from lammps import lammps, IPyLammps
# NOTE: argv[0] is set by the lammps class constructor
args = ["-log", "none"]
# create LAMMPS instance
lmp = lammps(cmdargs=args)
# create IPyLammps instance using previously created LAMMPS instance
L = IPyLammps(ptr=lmp)
# get and print numerical version code
print("LAMMPS Version: ", L.version())
# explicitly close and delete LAMMPS instance (optional)
L.close()
This is useful if you have to create the :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>`
instance is a specific way, but want to take advantage of the
:py:class:`IPyLammps <lammps.IPyLammps>` interface.
In all of the above cases, same as with the :ref:`C library API <lammps_c_api>`, this will use the
``MPI_COMM_WORLD`` communicator for the MPI library that LAMMPS was ``MPI_COMM_WORLD`` communicator for the MPI library that LAMMPS was
compiled with. The :py:func:`lmp.close() <lammps.lammps.close>` call is compiled with. The :py:func:`lmp.close() <lammps.lammps.close>` call is
optional since the LAMMPS class instance will also be deleted optional since the LAMMPS class instance will also be deleted
@ -114,39 +204,107 @@ destructor.
Executing LAMMPS commands Executing LAMMPS commands
************************* *************************
Once an instance of the :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>` class is Once an instance of the :py:class:`lammps`, :py:class:`PyLammps`, or
created, there are multiple ways to "feed" it commands. In a way that is :py:class:`IPyLammps` class is created, there are multiple ways to "feed" it
not very different from running a LAMMPS input script, except that commands. In a way that is not very different from running a LAMMPS input
Python has many more facilities for structured programming than the script, except that Python has many more facilities for structured
LAMMPS input script syntax. Furthermore it is possible to "compute" programming than the LAMMPS input script syntax. Furthermore it is possible
what the next LAMMPS command should be. Same as in the equivalent `C to "compute" what the next LAMMPS command should be.
library functions <pg_lib_execute>`, commands can be read from a file, a
single string, a list of strings and a block of commands in a single
multi-line string. They are processed under the same boundary conditions
as the C library counterparts. The example below demonstrates the use
of :py:func:`lammps.file`, :py:func:`lammps.command`,
:py:func:`lammps.commands_list`, and :py:func:`lammps.commands_string`:
.. code-block:: python .. tabs::
from lammps import lammps .. tab:: lammps API
lmp = lammps() Same as in the equivalent
# read commands from file 'in.melt' `C library functions <pg_lib_execute>`, commands can be read from a file, a
lmp.file('in.melt') single string, a list of strings and a block of commands in a single
# issue a single command multi-line string. They are processed under the same boundary conditions
lmp.command('variable zpos index 1.0') as the C library counterparts. The example below demonstrates the use
# create 10 groups with 10 atoms each of :py:func:`lammps.file`, :py:func:`lammps.command`,
cmds = ["group g{} id {}:{}".format(i,10*i+1,10*(i+1)) for i in range(10)] :py:func:`lammps.commands_list`, and :py:func:`lammps.commands_string`:
lmp.commands_list(cmds)
# run commands from a multi-line string .. code-block:: python
block = """
clear from lammps import lammps
region box block 0 2 0 2 0 2 lmp = lammps()
create_box 1 box # read commands from file 'in.melt'
create_atoms 1 single 1.0 1.0 ${zpos} lmp.file('in.melt')
""" # issue a single command
lmp.commands_string(block) lmp.command('variable zpos index 1.0')
# create 10 groups with 10 atoms each
cmds = ["group g{} id {}:{}".format(i,10*i+1,10*(i+1)) for i in range(10)]
lmp.commands_list(cmds)
# run commands from a multi-line string
block = """
clear
region box block 0 2 0 2 0 2
create_box 1 box
create_atoms 1 single 1.0 1.0 ${zpos}
"""
lmp.commands_string(block)
.. tab:: PyLammps/IPyLammps API
Unlike the lammps API, the PyLammps/IPyLammps APIs allow running LAMMPS
commands by calling equivalent member functions.
For instance, the following LAMMPS command:
.. code-block:: LAMMPS
region box block 0 10 0 5 -0.5 0.5
In the original interface this command can be executed with the following
Python code if *L* was a lammps instance:
.. code-block:: Python
L.command("region box block 0 10 0 5 -0.5 0.5")
With the PyLammps interface, any command can be split up into arbitrary parts
separated by white-space, passed as individual arguments to a :code:`region` method.
.. code-block:: Python
L.region("box block", 0, 10, 0, 5, -0.5, 0.5)
Note that each parameter is set as Python literal floating-point number. In the
PyLammps interface, each command takes an arbitrary parameter list and transparently
merges it to a single command string, separating individual parameters by white-space.
The benefit of this approach is avoiding redundant command calls and easier
parameterization. In the original interface parameterization needed to be done
manually by creating formatted strings.
.. code-block:: Python
L.command("region box block %f %f %f %f %f %f" % (xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo, zhi))
In contrast, methods of PyLammps accept parameters directly and will convert
them automatically to a final command string.
.. code-block:: Python
L.region("box block", xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo, zhi)
Using these facilities, the example shown for the lammps API can be rewritten as follows:
.. code-block:: python
from lammps import PyLammps
L = PyLammps()
# read commands from file 'in.melt'
L.file('in.melt')
# issue a single command
L.variable('zpos', 'index', 1.0)
# create 10 groups with 10 atoms each
for i in range(10):
L.group(f"g{i}", "id", f"{10*i+1}:{10*(i+1)}")
L.clear()
L.region("box block", 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2)
L.create_box(1, "box")
L.create_atoms(1, "single", 1.0, 1.0, "${zpos}")
---------- ----------
@ -176,239 +334,17 @@ simpler, more "Pythonic" interface to common LAMMPS functionality. LAMMPS data
structures are exposed through objects and properties. This makes Python scripts structures are exposed through objects and properties. This makes Python scripts
shorter and more concise. shorter and more concise.
Creating a new instance of PyLammps
-----------------------------------
To create a PyLammps object you need to first import the class from the lammps
module. By using the default constructor, a new :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>` instance is created.
.. code-block:: Python
from lammps import PyLammps
L = PyLammps()
You can also initialize PyLammps on top of this existing :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>` object:
.. code-block:: Python
from lammps import lammps, PyLammps
lmp = lammps()
L = PyLammps(ptr=lmp)
This is useful if you have create the :py:class:`lammps <lammps.lammps>`
instance is a specific way, but want to take advantage of the
:py:class:`PyLammps <lammps.PyLammps>` interface.
Commands
--------
Sending a LAMMPS command with the existing library interfaces is done using
the command method of the lammps object instance.
For instance, let's take the following LAMMPS command:
.. code-block:: LAMMPS
region box block 0 10 0 5 -0.5 0.5
In the original interface this command can be executed with the following
Python code if *L* was a lammps instance:
.. code-block:: Python
L.command("region box block 0 10 0 5 -0.5 0.5")
With the PyLammps interface, any command can be split up into arbitrary parts
separated by white-space, passed as individual arguments to a region method.
.. code-block:: Python
L.region("box block", 0, 10, 0, 5, -0.5, 0.5)
Note that each parameter is set as Python literal floating-point number. In the
PyLammps interface, each command takes an arbitrary parameter list and transparently
merges it to a single command string, separating individual parameters by white-space.
The benefit of this approach is avoiding redundant command calls and easier
parameterization. In the original interface parameterization needed to be done
manually by creating formatted strings.
.. code-block:: Python
L.command("region box block %f %f %f %f %f %f" % (xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo, zhi))
In contrast, methods of PyLammps accept parameters directly and will convert
them automatically to a final command string.
.. code-block:: Python
L.region("box block", xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo, zhi)
System state
------------
In addition to dispatching commands directly through the PyLammps object, it
also provides several properties which allow you to query the system state.
:py:attr:`lammps.PyLammps.system`
Is a dictionary describing the system such as the bounding box or number of atoms
L.system.xlo, L.system.xhi
bounding box limits along x-axis
L.system.ylo, L.system.yhi
bounding box limits along y-axis
L.system.zlo, L.system.zhi
bounding box limits along z-axis
L.communication
configuration of communication subsystem, such as the number of threads or processors
L.communication.nthreads
number of threads used by each LAMMPS process
L.communication.nprocs
number of MPI processes used by LAMMPS
L.fixes
List of fixes in the current system
L.computes
List of active computes in the current system
L.dump
List of active dumps in the current system
L.groups
List of groups present in the current system
Working with LAMMPS variables
-----------------------------
LAMMPS variables can be both defined and accessed via the PyLammps interface.
To define a variable you can use the :doc:`variable <variable>` command:
.. code-block:: Python
L.variable("a index 2")
A dictionary of all variables is returned by L.variables
you can access an individual variable by retrieving a variable object from the
L.variables dictionary by name
.. code-block:: Python
a = L.variables['a']
The variable value can then be easily read and written by accessing the value
property of this object.
.. code-block:: Python
print(a.value)
a.value = 4
Retrieving the value of an arbitrary LAMMPS expressions
-------------------------------------------------------
LAMMPS expressions can be immediately evaluated by using the eval method. The
passed string parameter can be any expression containing global thermo values,
variables, compute or fix data.
.. code-block:: Python
result = L.eval("ke") # kinetic energy
result = L.eval("pe") # potential energy
result = L.eval("v_t/2.0")
Accessing atom data
-------------------
All atoms in the current simulation can be accessed by using the L.atoms list.
Each element of this list is an object which exposes its properties (id, type,
position, velocity, force, etc.).
.. code-block:: Python
# access first atom
L.atoms[0].id
L.atoms[0].type
# access second atom
L.atoms[1].position
L.atoms[1].velocity
L.atoms[1].force
Some properties can also be used to set:
.. code-block:: Python
# set position in 2D simulation
L.atoms[0].position = (1.0, 0.0)
# set position in 3D simulation
L.atoms[0].position = (1.0, 0.0, 1.)
Evaluating thermo data
----------------------
Each simulation run usually produces thermo output based on system state,
computes, fixes or variables. The trajectories of these values can be queried
after a run via the L.runs list. This list contains a growing list of run data.
The first element is the output of the first run, the second element that of
the second run.
.. code-block:: Python
L.run(1000)
L.runs[0] # data of first 1000 time steps
L.run(1000)
L.runs[1] # data of second 1000 time steps
Each run contains a dictionary of all trajectories. Each trajectory is
accessible through its thermo name:
.. code-block:: Python
L.runs[0].thermo.Step # list of time steps in first run
L.runs[0].thermo.Ke # list of kinetic energy values in first run
Together with matplotlib plotting data out of LAMMPS becomes simple:
.. code-block:: Python
import matplotlib.plot as plt
steps = L.runs[0].thermo.Step
ke = L.runs[0].thermo.Ke
plt.plot(steps, ke)
Error handling with PyLammps
----------------------------
Compiling the shared library with C++ exception support provides a better error
handling experience. Without exceptions the LAMMPS code will terminate the
current Python process with an error message. C++ exceptions allow capturing
them on the C++ side and rethrowing them on the Python side. This way you
can handle LAMMPS errors through the Python exception handling mechanism.
.. warning::
Capturing a LAMMPS exception in Python can still mean that the
current LAMMPS process is in an illegal state and must be terminated. It is
advised to save your data and terminate the Python instance as quickly as
possible.
.. autoclass:: lammps.PyLammps .. autoclass:: lammps.PyLammps
:members: :members:
.. autoclass:: lammps.AtomList .. autoclass:: lammps.AtomList
:members: :members:
.. autoclass:: lammps.Atom
:members:
.. autoclass:: lammps.Atom2D
:members:
---------- ----------
@ -463,3 +399,19 @@ and the :py:class:`NeighList <lammps.NeighList>` class:
:members: :members:
:no-undoc-members: :no-undoc-members:
LAMMPS error handling in Python
*******************************
Compiling the shared library with C++ exception support provides a better error
handling experience. Without exceptions the LAMMPS code will terminate the
current Python process with an error message. C++ exceptions allow capturing
them on the C++ side and rethrowing them on the Python side. This way
LAMMPS errors can be handled through the Python exception handling mechanism.
.. warning::
Capturing a LAMMPS exception in Python can still mean that the
current LAMMPS process is in an illegal state and must be terminated. It is
advised to save your data and terminate the Python instance as quickly as
possible.

94
python/lammps.py
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@ -1992,6 +1992,10 @@ class PyLammps(object):
self.lmp = None self.lmp = None
def close(self): def close(self):
"""Explicitly delete a LAMMPS instance
This is a wrapper around the :py:meth:`lammps.close` of the Python interface.
"""
if self.lmp: self.lmp.close() if self.lmp: self.lmp.close()
self.lmp = None self.lmp = None
@ -2091,32 +2095,68 @@ class PyLammps(object):
@property @property
def communication(self): def communication(self):
"""
The communication state of this LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns an object with properties storing the current communication state
:type: namedtuple
"""
output = self.info("communication") output = self.info("communication")
d = self._parse_info_communication(output) d = self._parse_info_communication(output)
return namedtuple('Communication', d.keys())(*d.values()) return namedtuple('Communication', d.keys())(*d.values())
@property @property
def computes(self): def computes(self):
"""
The list of active computes of this LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns a list of computes that are currently active in this LAMMPS instance
:type: list
"""
output = self.info("computes") output = self.info("computes")
return self._parse_element_list(output) return self._parse_element_list(output)
@property @property
def dumps(self): def dumps(self):
"""
The list of active dumps of this LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns a list of dumps that are currently active in this LAMMPS instance
:type: list
"""
output = self.info("dumps") output = self.info("dumps")
return self._parse_element_list(output) return self._parse_element_list(output)
@property @property
def fixes(self): def fixes(self):
"""
The list of active fixes of this LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns a list of fixes that are currently active in this LAMMPS instance
:type: list
"""
output = self.info("fixes") output = self.info("fixes")
return self._parse_element_list(output) return self._parse_element_list(output)
@property @property
def groups(self): def groups(self):
"""
The list of active atom groups of this LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns a list of atom groups that are currently active in this LAMMPS instance
:type: list
"""
output = self.info("groups") output = self.info("groups")
return self._parse_groups(output) return self._parse_groups(output)
@property @property
def variables(self): def variables(self):
"""
Returns a dictionary of all variables defined in the current LAMMPS instance
:getter: Returns a dictionary of all variables that are defined in this LAMMPS instance
:type: dict
"""
output = self.info("variables") output = self.info("variables")
vars = {} vars = {}
for v in self._parse_element_list(output): for v in self._parse_element_list(output):
@ -2302,7 +2342,21 @@ class PyLammps(object):
class IPyLammps(PyLammps): class IPyLammps(PyLammps):
""" """
IPython wrapper for LAMMPS which adds embedded graphics capabilities IPython wrapper for LAMMPS which adds embedded graphics capabilities to PyLammmps interface
It either creates its own instance of :py:class:`lammps` or can be
initialized with an existing instance. The arguments are the same of the
lower-level interface. The original interface can still be accessed via
:py:attr:`PyLammps.lmp`.
:param name: "machine" name of the shared LAMMPS library ("mpi" loads ``liblammps_mpi.so``, "" loads ``liblammps.so``)
:type name: string
:param cmdargs: list of command line arguments to be passed to the :cpp:func:`lammps_open` function. The executable name is automatically added.
:type cmdargs: list
:param ptr: pointer to a LAMMPS C++ class instance when called from an embedded Python interpreter. None means load symbols from shared library.
:type ptr: pointer
:param comm: MPI communicator (as provided by `mpi4py <mpi4py_docs_>`_). ``None`` means use ``MPI_COMM_WORLD`` implicitly.
:type comm: MPI_Comm
""" """
def __init__(self,name="",cmdargs=None,ptr=None,comm=None): def __init__(self,name="",cmdargs=None,ptr=None,comm=None):
@ -2310,6 +2364,34 @@ class IPyLammps(PyLammps):
def image(self, filename="snapshot.png", group="all", color="type", diameter="type", def image(self, filename="snapshot.png", group="all", color="type", diameter="type",
size=None, view=None, center=None, up=None, zoom=1.0, background_color="white"): size=None, view=None, center=None, up=None, zoom=1.0, background_color="white"):
""" Generate image using write_dump command and display it
See :doc:`dump image <dump_image>` for more information.
:param filename: Name of the image file that should be generated. The extension determines whether it is PNG or JPEG
:type filename: string
:param group: the group of atoms write_image should use
:type group: string
:param color: name of property used to determine color
:type color: string
:param diameter: name of property used to determine atom diameter
:type diameter: string
:param size: dimensions of image
:type size: tuple (width, height)
:param view: view parameters
:type view: tuple (theta, phi)
:param center: center parameters
:type center: tuple (flag, center_x, center_y, center_z)
:param up: vector pointing to up direction
:type up: tuple (up_x, up_y, up_z)
:param zoom: zoom factor
:type zoom: float
:param background_color: background color of scene
:type background_color: string
:return: Image instance used to display image in notebook
:rtype: :py:class:`IPython.core.display.Image`
"""
cmd_args = [group, "image", filename, color, diameter] cmd_args = [group, "image", filename, color, diameter]
if size: if size:
@ -2345,5 +2427,15 @@ class IPyLammps(PyLammps):
return Image(filename) return Image(filename)
def video(self, filename): def video(self, filename):
"""
Load video from file
Can be used to visualize videos from :doc:`dump_movie`.
:param filename: Path to video file
:type filename: string
:return: HTML Video Tag used by notebook to embed a video
:rtype: :py:class:`IPython.display.HTML`
"""
from IPython.display import HTML from IPython.display import HTML
return HTML("<video controls><source src=\"" + filename + "\"></video>") return HTML("<video controls><source src=\"" + filename + "\"></video>")