Merge pull request #2662 from evoyiatzis/master

Addition of a PyLammps script to compute elastic constants using OpenKIM
This commit is contained in:
Axel Kohlmeyer
2021-03-19 13:43:19 -04:00
committed by GitHub
3 changed files with 828 additions and 0 deletions

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372 1 18.352125000000001 4.078249999999999 2.039125000000000
373 1 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995 18.352124999999997
374 1 6.117375000000001 0.000000000000000 18.352124999999997
375 1 6.117375000000001 0.000000000000000 14.273875000000000
376 1 18.352125000000001 4.078249999999999 14.273875000000000
377 1 10.195625000000000 18.352124999999997 0.000000000000000
378 1 14.273875000000004 6.117374999999998 0.000000000000000
379 1 14.273875000000004 14.273875000000000 12.234750000000002
380 1 2.039125000000000 2.039125000000000 12.234750000000002
381 1 10.195625000000000 14.273875000000000 8.156499999999998
382 1 10.195625000000000 6.117374999999998 0.000000000000000
383 1 18.352125000000001 2.039125000000000 12.234750000000002
384 1 6.117375000000001 14.273875000000000 8.156499999999998
385 1 10.195625000000000 2.039125000000000 8.156499999999998
386 1 18.352125000000001 18.352124999999997 8.156499999999998
387 1 6.117375000000001 6.117374999999998 0.000000000000000
388 1 18.352125000000001 10.195625000000000 0.000000000000000
389 1 14.273875000000004 6.117374999999998 4.078249999999999
390 1 18.352125000000001 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995
391 1 2.039125000000000 14.273875000000000 8.156499999999998
392 1 18.352125000000001 10.195625000000000 12.234750000000002
393 1 2.039125000000000 6.117374999999998 0.000000000000000
394 1 18.352125000000001 2.039125000000000 4.078249999999999
395 1 14.273875000000004 18.352124999999997 8.156499999999998
396 1 14.273875000000004 6.117374999999998 8.156499999999998
397 1 2.039125000000000 6.117374999999998 12.234750000000002
398 1 10.195625000000000 18.352124999999997 8.156499999999998
399 1 14.273875000000004 10.195625000000000 16.312999999999995
400 1 10.195625000000000 10.195625000000000 0.000000000000000
401 1 14.273875000000004 18.352124999999997 12.234750000000002
402 1 14.273875000000004 2.039125000000000 4.078249999999999
403 1 6.117375000000001 18.352124999999997 8.156499999999998
404 1 14.273875000000004 6.117374999999998 12.234750000000002
405 1 6.117375000000001 10.195625000000000 0.000000000000000
406 1 18.352125000000001 14.273875000000000 0.000000000000000
407 1 10.195625000000000 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995
408 1 10.195625000000000 10.195625000000000 4.078249999999999
409 1 18.352125000000001 14.273875000000000 12.234750000000002
410 1 6.117375000000001 2.039125000000000 4.078249999999999
411 1 14.273875000000004 6.117374999999998 16.312999999999995
412 1 18.352125000000001 6.117374999999998 4.078249999999999
413 1 2.039125000000000 10.195625000000000 12.234750000000002
414 1 18.352125000000001 6.117374999999998 16.312999999999995
415 1 2.039125000000000 2.039125000000000 4.078249999999999
416 1 10.195625000000000 10.195625000000000 8.156499999999998
417 1 10.195625000000000 14.273875000000000 0.000000000000000
418 1 2.039125000000000 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995
419 1 10.195625000000000 14.273875000000000 12.234750000000002
420 1 10.195625000000000 6.117374999999998 4.078249999999999
421 1 6.117375000000001 14.273875000000000 0.000000000000000
422 1 14.273875000000004 10.195625000000000 4.078249999999999
423 1 18.352125000000001 18.352124999999997 0.000000000000000
424 1 10.195625000000000 10.195625000000000 12.234750000000002
425 1 10.195625000000000 6.117374999999998 16.312999999999995
426 1 18.352125000000001 18.352124999999997 12.234750000000002
427 1 14.273875000000004 18.352124999999997 4.078249999999999
428 1 6.117375000000001 6.117374999999998 4.078249999999999
429 1 18.352125000000001 10.195625000000000 4.078249999999999
430 1 10.195625000000000 6.117374999999998 8.156499999999998
431 1 10.195625000000000 10.195625000000000 16.312999999999995
432 1 6.117375000000001 6.117374999999998 16.312999999999995
433 1 2.039125000000000 18.352124999999997 4.078249999999999
434 1 18.352125000000001 10.195625000000000 16.312999999999995
435 1 2.039125000000000 6.117374999999998 4.078249999999999
436 1 18.352125000000001 2.039125000000000 8.156499999999998
437 1 10.195625000000000 2.039125000000000 4.078249999999999
438 1 10.195625000000000 6.117374999999998 12.234750000000002
439 1 2.039125000000000 6.117374999999998 16.312999999999995
440 1 10.195625000000000 18.352124999999997 12.234750000000002
441 1 6.117375000000001 18.352124999999997 0.000000000000000
442 1 6.117375000000001 10.195625000000000 4.078249999999999
443 1 6.117375000000001 18.352124999999997 12.234750000000002
444 1 6.117375000000001 14.273875000000000 12.234750000000002
445 1 2.039125000000000 18.352124999999997 0.000000000000000
446 1 18.352125000000001 14.273875000000000 4.078249999999999
447 1 14.273875000000004 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995
448 1 6.117375000000001 10.195625000000000 16.312999999999995
449 1 6.117375000000001 10.195625000000000 8.156499999999998
450 1 18.352125000000001 14.273875000000000 16.312999999999995
451 1 2.039125000000000 10.195625000000000 4.078249999999999
452 1 18.352125000000001 6.117374999999998 8.156499999999998
453 1 2.039125000000000 10.195625000000000 16.312999999999995
454 1 2.039125000000000 14.273875000000000 0.000000000000000
455 1 14.273875000000004 2.039125000000000 12.234750000000002
456 1 14.273875000000004 14.273875000000000 16.312999999999995
457 1 2.039125000000000 2.039125000000000 8.156499999999998
458 1 6.117375000000001 10.195625000000000 12.234750000000002
459 1 10.195625000000000 14.273875000000000 4.078249999999999
460 1 14.273875000000004 18.352124999999997 0.000000000000000
461 1 10.195625000000000 14.273875000000000 16.312999999999995
462 1 2.039125000000000 14.273875000000000 4.078249999999999
463 1 6.117375000000001 14.273875000000000 4.078249999999999
464 1 14.273875000000004 2.039125000000000 8.156499999999998
465 1 18.352125000000001 18.352124999999997 4.078249999999999
466 1 2.039125000000000 18.352124999999997 12.234750000000002
467 1 6.117375000000001 14.273875000000000 16.312999999999995
468 1 18.352125000000001 18.352124999999997 16.312999999999995
469 1 2.039125000000000 10.195625000000000 0.000000000000000
470 1 14.273875000000004 10.195625000000000 8.156499999999998
471 1 6.117375000000001 6.117374999999998 8.156499999999998
472 1 18.352125000000001 10.195625000000000 8.156499999999998
473 1 6.117375000000001 6.117374999999998 12.234750000000002
474 1 18.352125000000001 2.039125000000000 0.000000000000000
475 1 2.039125000000000 14.273875000000000 16.312999999999995
476 1 14.273875000000004 18.352124999999997 16.312999999999995
477 1 14.273875000000004 14.273875000000000 0.000000000000000
478 1 2.039125000000000 6.117374999999998 8.156499999999998
479 1 10.195625000000000 18.352124999999997 4.078249999999999
480 1 6.117375000000001 2.039125000000000 8.156499999999998
481 1 14.273875000000004 2.039125000000000 0.000000000000000
482 1 2.039125000000000 14.273875000000000 12.234750000000002
483 1 2.039125000000000 18.352124999999997 8.156499999999998
484 1 10.195625000000000 18.352124999999997 16.312999999999995
485 1 14.273875000000004 10.195625000000000 12.234750000000002
486 1 6.117375000000001 18.352124999999997 4.078249999999999
487 1 14.273875000000004 14.273875000000000 4.078249999999999
488 1 10.195625000000000 2.039125000000000 0.000000000000000
489 1 2.039125000000000 10.195625000000000 8.156499999999998
490 1 6.117375000000001 18.352124999999997 16.312999999999995
491 1 10.195625000000000 2.039125000000000 12.234750000000002
492 1 14.273875000000004 10.195625000000000 0.000000000000000
493 1 18.352125000000001 14.273875000000000 8.156499999999998
494 1 6.117375000000001 2.039125000000000 0.000000000000000
495 1 14.273875000000004 14.273875000000000 8.156499999999998
496 1 18.352125000000001 6.117374999999998 0.000000000000000
497 1 2.039125000000000 18.352124999999997 16.312999999999995
498 1 6.117375000000001 2.039125000000000 16.312999999999995
499 1 6.117375000000001 2.039125000000000 12.234750000000002
500 1 18.352125000000001 6.117374999999998 12.234750000000002

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conversion of lammps scripts to python code using PyLammps interface
Example for elastic.py
python elastic.py Au.data EAM_Dynamo_Ackland_1987_Au__MO_754413982908_000 Au

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from argparse import ArgumentParser
from lammps import PyLammps
def potential(lmp, args):
""" set up potential and minimization """
ff_string = ' '
ff_string = ff_string.join(args.elements) # merge all element string to one string
lmp.kim("interactions", ff_string)
# Setup neighbor style
lmp.neighbor(1.0, "nsq")
lmp.neigh_modify("once no every 1 delay 0 check yes")
# Setup minimization style
lmp.min_style(args.min_style)
lmp.min_modify("dmax ${dmax} line quadratic")
# Setup output
lmp.thermo(1)
lmp.thermo_style("custom step temp pe press pxx pyy pzz pxy pxz pyz lx ly lz")
lmp.thermo_modify("norm no")
return
def displace(lmp, args, idir):
"""computes the response to a small strain """
if idir == 1:
lmp.variable("len0 equal {}".format(lmp.variables["lx0"].value))
elif idir == 2 or idir == 6:
lmp.variable("len0 equal {}".format(lmp.variables["ly0"].value))
else:
lmp.variable("len0 equal {}".format(lmp.variables["lz0"].value))
# Reset box and simulation parameters
lmp.clear()
lmp.box("tilt large")
lmp.kim("init", args.kim_model, "metal", "unit_conversion_mode")
lmp.read_restart("restart.equil")
lmp.change_box("all triclinic")
potential(lmp, args)
# Negative deformation
lmp.variable("delta equal -${up}*${len0}")
lmp.variable("deltaxy equal -${up}*xy")
lmp.variable("deltaxz equal -${up}*xz")
lmp.variable("deltayz equal -${up}*yz")
if idir == 1:
lmp.change_box("all x delta 0 ${delta} xy delta ${deltaxy} xz delta ${deltaxz} remap units box")
elif idir == 2:
lmp.change_box("all y delta 0 ${delta} yz delta ${deltayz} remap units box")
elif idir == 3:
lmp.change_box("all z delta 0 ${delta} remap units box")
elif idir == 4:
lmp.change_box("all yz delta ${delta} remap units box")
elif idir == 5:
lmp.change_box("all xz delta ${delta} remap units box")
else:
lmp.change_box("all xy delta ${delta} remap units box")
# Relax atoms positions
lmp.min_style(args.min_style)
lmp.minimize(args.minimize[0], args.minimize[1], int(args.minimize[2]), int(args.minimize[3]))
# Obtain new stress tensor
lmp.variable("pxx1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxx")))
lmp.variable("pyy1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pyy")))
lmp.variable("pzz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pzz")))
lmp.variable("pxy1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxy")))
lmp.variable("pxz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxz")))
lmp.variable("pyz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pyz")))
# Compute elastic constant from pressure tensor
c1neg = lmp.variables["d1"].value
c2neg = lmp.variables["d2"].value
c3neg = lmp.variables["d3"].value
c4neg = lmp.variables["d4"].value
c5neg = lmp.variables["d5"].value
c6neg = lmp.variables["d6"].value
# Reset box and simulation parameters
lmp.clear()
lmp.box("tilt large")
lmp.kim("init", args.kim_model, "metal", "unit_conversion_mode")
lmp.read_restart("restart.equil")
lmp.change_box("all triclinic")
potential(lmp, args)
# Positive deformation
lmp.variable("delta equal ${up}*${len0}")
lmp.variable("deltaxy equal ${up}*xy")
lmp.variable("deltaxz equal ${up}*xz")
lmp.variable("deltayz equal ${up}*yz")
if idir == 1:
lmp.change_box("all x delta 0 ${delta} xy delta ${deltaxy} xz delta ${deltaxz} remap units box")
elif idir == 2:
lmp.change_box("all y delta 0 ${delta} yz delta ${deltayz} remap units box")
elif idir == 3:
lmp.change_box("all z delta 0 ${delta} remap units box")
elif idir == 4:
lmp.change_box("all yz delta ${delta} remap units box")
elif idir == 5:
lmp.change_box("all xz delta ${delta} remap units box")
else:
lmp.change_box("all xy delta ${delta} remap units box")
# Relax atoms positions
lmp.min_style(args.min_style)
lmp.minimize(args.minimize[0], args.minimize[1], int(args.minimize[2]), int(args.minimize[3]))
# Obtain new stress tensor
lmp.variable("pxx1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxx")))
lmp.variable("pyy1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pyy")))
lmp.variable("pzz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pzz")))
lmp.variable("pxy1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxy")))
lmp.variable("pxz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pxz")))
lmp.variable("pyz1 equal {}".format(lmp.eval("pyz")))
# Compute elasic constant from pressure tensor
c1pos = lmp.variables["d1"].value
c2pos = lmp.variables["d2"].value
c3pos = lmp.variables["d3"].value
c4pos = lmp.variables["d4"].value
c5pos = lmp.variables["d5"].value
c6pos = lmp.variables["d6"].value
# Combine positive and negative
lmp.variable("C1{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c1neg+c1pos)))
lmp.variable("C2{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c2neg+c2pos)))
lmp.variable("C3{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c3neg+c3pos)))
lmp.variable("C4{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c4neg+c4pos)))
lmp.variable("C5{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c5neg+c5pos)))
lmp.variable("C6{} equal {}".format(idir, 0.5*(c6neg+c6pos)))
return
def elastic():
""" Compute elastic constant tensor for a crystal
In order to calculate the elastic constants correctly, care must be taken to specify
the correct units (units). It is also important to verify that the minimization of energy
w.r.t atom positions in the deformed cell is fully converged.
One indication of this is that the elastic constants are insensitive
to the choice of the variable ${up}. Another is to check
the final max and two-norm forces reported in the log file. If you know
that minimization is not required, you can set maxiter = 0.0 """
parser = ArgumentParser(description='A python script to compute elastic properties of bulk materials')
parser.add_argument("input_data_file", help="The full path & name of the lammps data file.")
parser.add_argument("kim_model", help="the KIM ID of the interatomic model archived in OpenKIM")
parser.add_argument("elements", nargs='+', default=['Au'], help="a list of N chemical species, which defines a mapping between atom types in LAMMPS to the available species in the OpenKIM model")
parser.add_argument("--min_style", default="cg", help="which algorithm will be used for minimization from lammps")
parser.add_argument("--minimize", type=float, nargs=4, default=[1.0e-4, 1.0e-6, 100, 1000], help="minimization parameters")
parser.add_argument("--up", type=float, default=1.0e-6, help="the deformation magnitude (in strain units)")
args = parser.parse_args()
L = PyLammps()
L.units("metal")
# Define the finite deformation size.
#Try several values to verify that results do not depend on it.
L.variable("up equal {}".format(args.up))
# Define the amount of random jiggle for atoms. It prevents atoms from staying on saddle points
atomjiggle = 1.0e-5
# metal units, elastic constants in GPa
cfac = 1.0e-4
# Define minimization parameters
L.variable("dmax equal 1.0e-2")
L.boundary("p", "p", "p") # periodic boundary conditions in all three directions
L.box("tilt large") # to avoid termination if the final simulation box has a high tilt factor
# use the OpenKIM model to set the energy interactions
L.kim("init", args.kim_model, "metal", "unit_conversion_mode")
L.read_data(args.input_data_file)
potential(L, args)
# Need to set mass to something, just to satisfy LAMMPS
mass_dictionary = {'H': 1.00797, 'He': 4.00260, 'Li': 6.941, 'Be': 9.01218, 'B': 10.81, 'C': 12.011, 'N': 14.0067, 'O': 15.9994, 'F': 18.998403, 'Ne': 20.179, 'Na': 22.98977, 'Mg': 24.305, 'Al': 26.98154, 'Si': 28.0855, 'P': 30.97376, 'S': 32.06, 'Cl': 35.453, 'K': 39.0983, 'Ar': 39.948, 'Ca': 40.08, 'Sc': 44.9559, 'Ti': 47.90, 'V': 50.9415, 'Cr': 51.996, 'Mn': 54.9380, 'Fe': 55.847, 'Ni': 58.70, 'Co': 58.9332, 'Cu': 63.546, 'Zn': 65.38, 'Ga': 69.72, 'Ge': 72.59, 'As': 74.9216, 'Se': 78.96, 'Br': 79.904, 'Kr': 83.80, 'Rb': 85.4678, 'Sr': 87.62, 'Y': 88.9059, 'Zr': 91.22, 'Nb': 92.9064, 'Mo': 95.94, 'Tc': 98, 'Ru': 101.07, 'Rh': 102.9055, 'Pd': 106.4, 'Ag': 107.868, 'Cd': 112.41, 'In': 114.82, 'Sn': 118.69, 'Sb': 121.75, 'I': 126.9045, 'Te': 127.60, 'Xe': 131.30, 'Cs': 132.9054, 'Ba': 137.33, 'La': 138.9055, 'Ce': 140.12, 'Pr': 140.9077, 'Nd': 144.24, 'Pm': 145, 'Sm': 150.4, 'Eu': 151.96, 'Gd': 157.25, 'Tb': 158.9254, 'Dy': 162.50, 'Ho': 164.9304, 'Er': 167.26, 'Tm': 168.9342, 'Yb': 173.04, 'Lu': 174.967, 'Hf': 178.49, 'Ta': 180.9479, 'W': 183.85, 'Re': 186.207, 'Os': 190.2, 'Ir': 192.22, 'Pt': 195.09, 'Au': 196.9665, 'Hg': 200.59, 'Tl': 204.37, 'Pb': 207.2, 'Bi': 208.9804, 'Po': 209, 'At': 210, 'Rn': 222, 'Fr': 223, 'Ra': 226.0254, 'Ac': 227.0278, 'Pa': 231.0359, 'Th': 232.0381, 'Np': 237.0482, 'U': 238.029}
for itype in range(1, len(args.elements)+1):
L.mass(itype, mass_dictionary.get(args.elements[itype-1], 1.0e-20))
# Compute initial state at zero pressure
L.fix(3, "all", "box/relax", "aniso", 0.0)
L.min_style(args.min_style)
L.minimize(args.minimize[0], args.minimize[1], int(args.minimize[2]), int(args.minimize[3]))
L.variable("lx0 equal {}".format(L.eval("lx")))
L.variable("ly0 equal {}".format(L.eval("ly")))
L.variable("lz0 equal {}".format(L.eval("lz")))
# These formulas define the derivatives w.r.t. strain components
L.variable("d1 equal -(v_pxx1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pxx"), cfac))
L.variable("d2 equal -(v_pyy1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pyy"), cfac))
L.variable("d3 equal -(v_pzz1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pzz"), cfac))
L.variable("d4 equal -(v_pyz1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pyz"), cfac))
L.variable("d5 equal -(v_pxz1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pxz"), cfac))
L.variable("d6 equal -(v_pxy1-{})/(v_delta/v_len0)*{}".format(L.eval("pxy"), cfac))
L.displace_atoms("all", "random", atomjiggle, atomjiggle, atomjiggle, 87287, "units box")
# Write restart
L.unfix(3)
L.write_restart("restart.equil")
for idir in range(1, 7):
displace(L, args, idir)
postprocess_and_output(L)
return
def postprocess_and_output(lmp):
"""Compute the moduli and print everything to screen """
# Output final values
c11all = lmp.variables["C11"].value
c22all = lmp.variables["C22"].value
c33all = lmp.variables["C33"].value
c12all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C12"].value + lmp.variables["C21"].value)
c13all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C13"].value + lmp.variables["C31"].value)
c23all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C23"].value + lmp.variables["C32"].value)
c44all = lmp.variables["C44"].value
c55all = lmp.variables["C55"].value
c66all = lmp.variables["C66"].value
c14all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C14"].value + lmp.variables["C41"].value)
c15all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C15"].value + lmp.variables["C51"].value)
c16all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C16"].value + lmp.variables["C61"].value)
c24all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C24"].value + lmp.variables["C42"].value)
c25all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C25"].value + lmp.variables["C52"].value)
c26all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C26"].value + lmp.variables["C62"].value)
c34all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C34"].value + lmp.variables["C43"].value)
c35all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C35"].value + lmp.variables["C53"].value)
c36all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C36"].value + lmp.variables["C63"].value)
c45all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C45"].value + lmp.variables["C54"].value)
c46all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C46"].value + lmp.variables["C64"].value)
c56all = 0.5*(lmp.variables["C56"].value + lmp.variables["C65"].value)
# Average moduli for cubic crystals
c11cubic = (c11all + c22all + c33all)/3.0
c12cubic = (c12all + c13all + c23all)/3.0
c44cubic = (c44all + c55all + c66all)/3.0
bulkmodulus = (c11cubic + 2*c12cubic)/3.0
shearmodulus1 = c44cubic
shearmodulus2 = (c11cubic - c12cubic)/2.0
poisson_ratio = 1.0/(1.0 + c11cubic/c12cubic)
# print results to screen
print("=========================================")
print("Components of the Elastic Constant Tensor")
print("=========================================")
print("Elastic Constant C11all = {} GPa".format(c11all))
print("Elastic Constant C22all = {} GPa".format(c22all))
print("Elastic Constant C33all = {} GPa".format(c33all))
print("Elastic Constant C12all = {} GPa".format(c12all))
print("Elastic Constant C13all = {} GPa".format(c13all))
print("Elastic Constant C23all = {} GPa".format(c23all))
print("Elastic Constant C44all = {} GPa".format(c44all))
print("Elastic Constant C55all = {} GPa".format(c55all))
print("Elastic Constant C66all = {} GPa".format(c66all))
print("Elastic Constant C14all = {} GPa".format(c14all))
print("Elastic Constant C15all = {} GPa".format(c15all))
print("Elastic Constant C16all = {} GPa".format(c16all))
print("Elastic Constant C24all = {} GPa".format(c24all))
print("Elastic Constant C25all = {} GPa".format(c25all))
print("Elastic Constant C26all = {} GPa".format(c26all))
print("Elastic Constant C34all = {} GPa".format(c34all))
print("Elastic Constant C35all = {} GPa".format(c35all))
print("Elastic Constant C36all = {} GPa".format(c36all))
print("Elastic Constant C45all = {} GPa".format(c45all))
print("Elastic Constant C46all = {} GPa".format(c46all))
print("Elastic Constant C56all = {} GPa".format(c56all))
print("=========================================")
print("Average properties for a cubic crystal")
print("=========================================")
print("Bulk Modulus = {} GPa".format(bulkmodulus))
print("Shear Modulus 1 = {} GPa".format(shearmodulus1))
print("Shear Modulus 2 = {} GPa".format(shearmodulus2))
print("Poisson Ratio = {}".format(poisson_ratio))
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
elastic()