multiphaseEulerFoam::populationBalanceModel: improved dilatation treatment

The population balance model considers dilatation originating from density
change and mass transfer via source terms describing nucleation as well as
"drift" of the size distribution to smaller or larger sizes. Numerically, the
treatment does not necessarily equal the total dilatation, hence a correction is
introduced to ensure boundedness of the size group fractions.

Patch contributed by Institute of Fluid Dynamics,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)
and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/PhaseSystems/PopulationBalancePhaseSystem/PopulationBalancePhaseSystem.C

@@ -46,20 +46,23 @@ PopulationBalancePhaseSystem
         const diameterModels::populationBalanceModel& popBal =
             populationBalances_[popBali];
 
-        forAll(popBal.velocityGroups(), velGrp1i)
+        forAllConstIter
+        (
+            HashTable<const diameterModels::velocityGroup*>,
+            popBal.velocityGroupPtrs(),
+            iter1
+        )
         {
-            const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp1 =
+            const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp1 = *iter1();
-                popBal.velocityGroups()[velGrp1i];
 
-            for
+            forAllConstIter
             (
-                label velGrp2i = velGrp1i + 1;
+                HashTable<const diameterModels::velocityGroup*>,
-                velGrp2i < popBal.velocityGroups().size();
+                popBal.velocityGroupPtrs(),
-                ++ velGrp2i
+                iter2
             )
             {
-                const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp2 =
+                const diameterModels::velocityGroup& velGrp2 = *iter2();
-                    popBal.velocityGroups()[velGrp2i];
 
                 const phaseInterface interface
                 (
@@ -67,28 +70,36 @@ PopulationBalancePhaseSystem
                     velGrp2.phase()
                 );
 
-                this->template validateMassTransfer
+                if
-                    <diameterModels::populationBalanceModel>(interface);
-
-                dmdtfs_.insert
                 (
-                    interface,
+                    &velGrp1 != &velGrp2
-                    new volScalarField
+                    &&
+                    !dmdtfs_.found(interface)
+                )
+                {
+                    this->template validateMassTransfer
+                        <diameterModels::populationBalanceModel>(interface);
+
+                    dmdtfs_.insert
                     (
-                        IOobject
+                        interface,
+                        new volScalarField
                         (
-                            IOobject::groupName
+                            IOobject
                             (
-                                "populationBalance:dmdtf",
+                                IOobject::groupName
-                                interface.name()
+                                (
+                                    "populationBalance:dmdtf",
+                                    interface.name()
+                                ),
+                                this->mesh().time().timeName(),
+                                this->mesh()
                             ),
-                            this->mesh().time().timeName(),
+                            this->mesh(),
-                            this->mesh()
+                            dimensionedScalar(dimDensity/dimTime, 0)
-                        ),
+                        )
-                        this->mesh(),
+                    );
-                        dimensionedScalar(dimDensity/dimTime, 0)
+                }
-                    )
-                );
             }
         }
     }

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/velocityGroup/sizeGroup/shapeModels/fractal/fractal.C

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ License
 #include "fractal.H"
 #include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
 #include "sinteringModel.H"
-#include "fvm.H"
+#include "fvmDdt.H"
-#include "fvcDdt.H"
+#include "fvmDiv.H"
-#include "fvcDiv.H"
+#include "fvmSup.H"
 #include "mixedFvPatchField.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Foam::diameterModels::shapeModels::fractal::fractal
 
         if
         (
-            isA<mixedFvPatchScalarField>(kappa_.boundaryFieldRef()[patchi])
+            isA<const mixedFvPatchScalarField>(kappa_.boundaryField()[patchi])
         )
         {
             mixedFvPatchScalarField& kappa =
@@ -205,12 +205,12 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::shapeModels::fractal::correct()
 
     fvScalarMatrix kappaEqn
     (
-        fvm::ddt(alpha, fi, kappa_) + fvm::div(fAlphaPhi, kappa_)
+        fvm::ddt(alpha, fi, kappa_)
+      + fvm::div(fAlphaPhi, kappa_)
       ==
       - sinteringModel_->R()
       + Su_
-      - fvm::Sp(popBal.Sp(fi.i()())*fi, kappa_)
+      - fvm::Sp(popBal.Sp(fi.i())*fi, kappa_)
-
       - correction
         (
             fvm::Sp

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/velocityGroup/sizeGroup/sizeGroup.C

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Foam::diameterModels::sizeGroup::sizeGroup
 
         if
         (
-            isA<mixedFvPatchScalarField>(this->boundaryFieldRef()[patchi])
+            isA<const mixedFvPatchScalarField>(this->boundaryField()[patchi])
         )
         {
             mixedFvPatchScalarField& f =
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Foam::diameterModels::sizeGroup::clone() const
 }
 
 
-const Foam::autoPtr<Foam::label>& Foam::diameterModels::sizeGroup::i() const
+const Foam::label& Foam::diameterModels::sizeGroup::i() const
 {
     if (!i_.valid())
     {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ const Foam::autoPtr<Foam::label>& Foam::diameterModels::sizeGroup::i() const
         }
     }
 
-    return i_;
+    return i_();
 }
 
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/velocityGroup/sizeGroup/sizeGroup.H

@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ public:
         //- Return const-reference to diameterModel of the phase
         inline const autoPtr<shapeModel>& shapeModelPtr() const;
 
-        //- Return label of the sizeGroup within the population balance
+        //- Return index of the size group within the population balance
-        const autoPtr<label>& i() const;
+        const label& i() const;
 
         //- Return representative surface area of the sizeGroup
         const tmp<volScalarField> a() const;

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/driftModels/constantDrift/constantDrift.C

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2017-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2017-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::constantDrift::addToDriftRate
     const label i
 )
 {
-    driftRate += rate_;
+    driftRate += popBal_.sizeGroups()[i].phase()*rate_;
 }
 
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/driftModels/densityChange/densityChange.C

@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::densityChangeDrift::addToDriftRate
     const volScalarField& rho = phase.thermo().rho();
 
     driftRate -=
-        fi.x()/(rho*max(alpha, phase.residualAlpha()))
+        fi.x()
        *(
             fvc::ddt(alpha, rho) + fvc::div(phase.alphaRhoPhi())
           - fvc::Sp(fvc::ddt(alpha) + fvc::div(phase.alphaPhi()), rho)
-        );
+        )/rho;
 }
 
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/driftModels/phaseChange/phaseChange.C

@@ -97,15 +97,20 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::phaseChange::precompute()
 
     forAll(interfaces_, k)
     {
-        forAll(popBal_.velocityGroups(), j)
+        forAllConstIter
+        (
+            HashTable<const velocityGroup*>,
+            popBal_.velocityGroupPtrs(),
+            iter
+        )
         {
-            const velocityGroup& vgj = popBal_.velocityGroups()[j];
+            const velocityGroup& velGrp = *iter();
 
-            if (interfaces_[k].contains(vgj.phase()))
+            if (interfaces_[k].contains(velGrp.phase()))
             {
-                forAll(vgj.sizeGroups(), i)
+                forAll(velGrp.sizeGroups(), i)
                 {
-                    const sizeGroup& fi = vgj.sizeGroups()[i];
+                    const sizeGroup& fi = velGrp.sizeGroups()[i];
 
                     if (numberWeighted_)
                     {
@@ -128,11 +133,11 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::phaseChange::addToDriftRate
     const label i
 )
 {
-    const velocityGroup& vg = popBal_.sizeGroups()[i].VelocityGroup();
+    const velocityGroup& velGrp = popBal_.sizeGroups()[i].VelocityGroup();
 
     forAll(interfaces_, k)
     {
-        if (interfaces_[k].contains(vg.phase()))
+        if (interfaces_[k].contains(velGrp.phase()))
         {
             const volScalarField& dmidtf =
                 popBal_.mesh().lookupObject<volScalarField>
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::phaseChange::addToDriftRate
                 );
 
             const scalar dmidtfSign =
-                interfaces_[k].index(vg.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
+                interfaces_[k].index(velGrp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
             const sizeGroup& fi = popBal_.sizeGroups()[i];
 
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::driftModels::phaseChange::addToDriftRate
                 dDriftRate.ref() *= fi.a();
             }
 
-            driftRate += dDriftRate;
+            driftRate += velGrp.phase()*dDriftRate;
         }
     }
 }

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel.C

@@ -31,9 +31,12 @@ License
 #include "driftModel.H"
 #include "nucleationModel.H"
 #include "surfaceTensionModel.H"
-#include "fvm.H"
+#include "fvmDdt.H"
+#include "fvmDiv.H"
+#include "fvmSup.H"
 #include "fvcDdt.H"
 #include "fvcDiv.H"
+#include "fvcSup.H"
 #include "shapeModel.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
@@ -60,12 +63,26 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::registerVelocityGroups()
 
             if (velGroup.popBalName() == this->name())
             {
-                velocityGroups_.resize(velocityGroups_.size() + 1);
+                velocityGroupPtrs_.insert(velGroup.phase().name(), &velGroup);
 
-                velocityGroups_.set
+                dilatationErrors_.insert
                 (
-                    velocityGroups_.size() - 1,
+                    velGroup.phase().name(),
-                    &const_cast<velocityGroup&>(velGroup)
+                    volScalarField
+                    (
+                        IOobject
+                        (
+                            IOobject::groupName
+                            (
+                                "dilatationError",
+                                velGroup.phase().name()
+                            ),
+                            fluid_.time().timeName(),
+                            mesh_
+                        ),
+                        mesh_,
+                        dimensionedScalar(inv(dimTime), 0)
+                    )
                 );
 
                 forAll(velGroup.sizeGroups(), i)
@@ -446,22 +463,21 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::drift
         const sizeGroup& fe = sizeGroups()[i+1];
         volScalarField& Sue = Sui_;
 
-        Sp_[i] += 1/(fe.x() - fp.x())*pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp.phase();
+        Sp_[i] += 1/(fe.x() - fp.x())*pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_();
 
         Sue =
-            fe.x()/(fp.x()*(fe.x() - fp.x()))
+            fe.x()/(fp.x()*(fe.x() - fp.x()))*pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp;
-           *pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp*fp.phase();
 
         Su_[i+1] += Sue;
 
-        const phaseInterface interfaceij(fp.phase(), fe.phase());
+        const phaseInterface interfacepe(fp.phase(), fe.phase());
 
-        if (pDmdt_.found(interfaceij))
+        if (pDmdt_.found(interfacepe))
         {
             const scalar dmdtSign =
-                interfaceij.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
+                interfacepe.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
-            *pDmdt_[interfaceij] -= dmdtSign*Sue*fp.phase().rho();
+            *pDmdt_[interfacepe] -= dmdtSign*Sue*fp.phase().rho();
         }
 
         sizeGroups_[i+1].shapeModelPtr()->addDrift(Sue, fp, model);
@@ -469,7 +485,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::drift
 
     if (i == sizeGroups().size() - 1)
     {
-        Sp_[i] -= pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp.phase()/fp.x();
+        Sp_[i] -= pos(driftRate_())*driftRate_()/fp.x();
     }
 
     if (i > 0)
@@ -477,22 +493,21 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::drift
         const sizeGroup& fw = sizeGroups()[i-1];
         volScalarField& Suw = Sui_;
 
-        Sp_[i] += 1/(fw.x() - fp.x())*neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp.phase();
+        Sp_[i] += 1/(fw.x() - fp.x())*neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_();
 
         Suw =
-            fw.x()/(fp.x()*(fw.x() - fp.x()))
+            fw.x()/(fp.x()*(fw.x() - fp.x()))*neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp;
-           *neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp*fp.phase();
 
         Su_[i-1] += Suw;
 
-        const phaseInterface interfaceih(fp.phase(), fw.phase());
+        const phaseInterface interfacepw(fp.phase(), fw.phase());
 
-        if (pDmdt_.found(interfaceih))
+        if (pDmdt_.found(interfacepw))
         {
             const scalar dmdtSign =
-                interfaceih.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
+                interfacepw.index(fp.phase()) == 0 ? +1 : -1;
 
-            *pDmdt_[interfaceih] -= dmdtSign*Suw*fp.phase().rho();
+            *pDmdt_[interfacepw] -= dmdtSign*Suw*fp.phase().rho();
         }
 
         sizeGroups_[i-1].shapeModelPtr()->addDrift(Suw, fp, model);
@@ -500,7 +515,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::drift
 
     if (i == 0)
     {
-        Sp_[i] -= neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()*fp.phase()/fp.x();
+        Sp_[i] -= neg(driftRate_())*driftRate_()/fp.x();
     }
 }
 
@@ -609,13 +624,43 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::sources()
 }
 
 
+void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::correctDilatationError()
+{
+    forAllIter
+    (
+        HashTable<volScalarField>,
+        dilatationErrors_,
+        iter
+    )
+    {
+        volScalarField& dilatationError = iter();
+        const word& phaseName = iter.key();
+        const phaseModel& phase = fluid_.phases()[phaseName];
+        const velocityGroup& velGroup = *velocityGroupPtrs_[phaseName];
+        const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+        const volScalarField& rho = phase.thermo().rho();
+
+        dilatationError =
+            fvc::ddt(alpha) + fvc::div(phase.alphaPhi())
+          - (fluid_.fvModels().source(alpha, rho) & rho)/rho;
+
+        forAll(velGroup.sizeGroups(), i)
+        {
+            const sizeGroup& fi = velGroup.sizeGroups()[i];
+
+            dilatationError -= Su_[fi.i()] - fvc::Sp(Sp_[fi.i()], fi);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
 void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcAlphas()
 {
     alphas_() = Zero;
 
-    forAll(velocityGroups_, v)
+    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
     {
-        const phaseModel& phase = velocityGroups_[v].phase();
+        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
         alphas_() += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha());
     }
@@ -637,9 +682,9 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcDsm()
 
     volScalarField& invDsm = tInvDsm.ref();
 
-    forAll(velocityGroups_, v)
+    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
     {
-        const phaseModel& phase = velocityGroups_[v].phase();
+        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
         invDsm += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha())/(phase.d()*alphas_());
     }
@@ -652,9 +697,9 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::calcVelocity()
 {
     U_() = Zero;
 
-    forAll(velocityGroups_, v)
+    forAllConstIter(HashTable<const velocityGroup*>, velocityGroupPtrs_, iter)
     {
-        const phaseModel& phase = velocityGroups_[v].phase();
+        const phaseModel& phase = iter()->phase();
 
         U_() += max(phase, phase.residualAlpha())*phase.U()/alphas_();
     }
@@ -704,7 +749,6 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::populationBalanceModel
             IOobject::groupName("alpha", dict_.lookup("continuousPhase"))
         )
     ),
-    velocityGroups_(),
     sizeGroups_(),
     v_(),
     delta_(),
@@ -890,7 +934,7 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::populationBalanceModel
         );
     }
 
-    if (velocityGroups_.size() > 1)
+    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
     {
         alphas_.set
         (
@@ -1060,6 +1104,8 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::solve()
                 sources();
             }
 
+            correctDilatationError();
+
             maxInitialResidual = 0;
 
             forAll(sizeGroups(), i)
@@ -1068,15 +1114,18 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::solve()
                 const phaseModel& phase = fi.phase();
                 const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
                 const volScalarField& rho = phase.thermo().rho();
+                const volScalarField& dilatationError =
+                    dilatationErrors_[phase.name()];
 
                 fvScalarMatrix sizeGroupEqn
                 (
-                    fvm::ddt(alpha, fi) + fvm::div(phase.alphaPhi(), fi)
+                    fvm::ddt(alpha, fi)
+                  + fvm::div(phase.alphaPhi(), fi)
+                  - fvm::Sp(dilatationError, fi)
                 ==
-                    Su_[i]
+                    fvc::Su(Su_[i], fi)
                   - fvm::Sp(Sp_[i], fi)
                   + fluid_.fvModels().source(alpha, rho, fi)/rho
-
                   - correction
                     (
                         fvm::Sp
@@ -1121,7 +1170,7 @@ void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::solve()
 
 void Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::correct()
 {
-    if (velocityGroups_.size() > 1)
+    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
     {
         calcAlphas();
         dsm_() = calcDsm();

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel.H

@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@ private:
         //- Continuous phase
         const phaseModel& continuousPhase_;
 
-        //- velocityGroups belonging to this populationBalance
+        //- Velocity groups belonging to this populationBalance
-        UPtrList<velocityGroup> velocityGroups_;
+        HashTable<const velocityGroup*> velocityGroupPtrs_;
 
-        //- sizeGroups belonging to this populationBalance
+        //- Size groups belonging to this populationBalance
         UPtrList<sizeGroup> sizeGroups_;
 
         //- sizeGroup boundaries
@@ -275,6 +275,9 @@ private:
         //- Implicitly treated sources
         PtrList<volScalarField> Sp_;
 
+        //- Dilatation errors
+        HashTable<volScalarField> dilatationErrors_;
+
         //- Field for caching sources
         volScalarField Sui_;
 
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ private:
 
         void sources();
 
-        void dmdt();
+        void correctDilatationError();
 
         void calcAlphas();
 
@@ -454,15 +457,18 @@ public:
         //- Return continuous phase
         inline const phaseModel& continuousPhase() const;
 
-        //- Return the velocityGroups belonging to this populationBalance
+        //- Return the velocity groups belonging to this populationBalance
-        inline const UPtrList<velocityGroup>& velocityGroups() const;
+        inline const HashTable<const velocityGroup*>& velocityGroupPtrs() const;
 
-        //- Return the sizeGroups belonging to this populationBalance
+        //- Return the size groups belonging to this populationBalance
         inline const UPtrList<sizeGroup>& sizeGroups() const;
 
         //- Return implicit source terms
         inline const volScalarField& Sp(const label i) const;
 
+        //- Return dilatation obtained from source terms
+        inline const HashTable<volScalarField>& sourceDilatation() const;
+
         //- Return coalescence relevant size group pairs
         inline const List<labelPair>& coalescencePairs() const;
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModelI.H

@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::continuousPhase() const
 }
 
 
-inline const Foam::UPtrList<Foam::diameterModels::velocityGroup>&
+inline const Foam::HashTable<const Foam::diameterModels::velocityGroup*>&
-Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::velocityGroups() const
+Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::velocityGroupPtrs() const
 {
-    return velocityGroups_;
+    return velocityGroupPtrs_;
 }
 
 
@@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::binaryBreakupPairs() const
 inline const Foam::volScalarField&
 Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::alphas() const
 {
-    if (velocityGroups_.size() > 1)
+    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
     {
         return alphas_();
     }
     else
     {
-        return velocityGroups_.first().phase();
+        return velocityGroupPtrs_[velocityGroupPtrs_.begin().key()]->phase();
     }
 }
 
@@ -134,13 +134,14 @@ Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::alphas() const
 inline const Foam::volVectorField&
 Foam::diameterModels::populationBalanceModel::U() const
 {
-    if (velocityGroups_.size() > 1)
+    if (velocityGroupPtrs_.size() > 1)
     {
         return U_();
     }
     else
     {
-        return velocityGroups_.first().phase().U();
+        return
+            velocityGroupPtrs_[velocityGroupPtrs_.begin().key()]->phase().U();
     }
 }
 

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/drift/constant/fvModels

@@ -14,51 +14,6 @@ FoamFile
 }
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-airSource
-{
-    type            massSource;
-
-    selectionMode   all;
-
-    massFlowRate    0.02186682;
-
-    phase           air;
-    rho             thermo:rho.air;
-
-    fieldValues
-    {
-        f0.air      0;
-        f1.air      0;
-        f2.air      0;
-        f3.air      0;
-        f4.air      0;
-        f5.air      0;
-        f6.air      0;
-        f7.air      0;
-        f8.air      0;
-        f9.air      0;
-        f10.air     0;
-        f11.air     0;
-        f12.air     0;
-        f13.air     0;
-        f14.air     0;
-        f15.air     0;
-        f16.air     0;
-        f17.air     0;
-        f18.air     0;
-        f19.air     0;
-        f20.air     0;
-        f21.air     0;
-        f22.air     0;
-        f23.air     0;
-        f24.air     0;
-        f25.air     0;
-        f26.air     0;
-        f27.air     0;
-        f28.air     0;
-    }
-}
-
 waterSink
 {
     type            massSource;
@@ -71,7 +26,9 @@ waterSink
     rho             thermo:rho.water;
 
     fieldValues
-    {}
+    {
+        U.water     (0 0 0);
+    }
 }
 
 // ************************************************************************* //

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/drift/constant/physicalProperties.air

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ thermoType
     mixture         pureMixture;
     transport       const;
     thermo          hConst;
-    equationOfState rhoConst;
+    equationOfState perfectGas;
     specie          specie;
     energy          sensibleInternalEnergy;
 }
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ mixture
     {
         molWeight   28.9;
     }
-    equationOfState
-    {
-        rho         1;
-    }
     thermodynamics
     {
         Cp          1007;

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/drift/system/fvSolution

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ PIMPLE
     pRefCell        0;
     pRefValue       1e5;
 
-    flow            no;
+    flow            yes;
     thermophysics   yes;
     models          yes;
 }

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/isothermalGrowth/validation/createGraphs

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ gnuplot<<EOF
 
     set xlabel 'd (mm)'
     set ylabel 'y (m)'
-    set yrange [0.05:]
     set key bottom center
 
     latestTime = system("foamListTimes -case .. -latestTime")

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/negativeDrift/constant/fvModels

@@ -14,52 +14,7 @@ FoamFile
 }
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-airSource
+waterSource
-{
-    type            massSource;
-
-    selectionMode   all;
-
-    massFlowRate    -0.030785654;
-
-    phase           air;
-    rho             thermo:rho.air;
-
-    fieldValues
-    {
-        f0.air      0;
-        f1.air      0;
-        f2.air      0;
-        f3.air      0;
-        f4.air      0;
-        f5.air      0;
-        f6.air      0;
-        f7.air      0;
-        f8.air      0;
-        f9.air      0;
-        f10.air     0;
-        f11.air     0;
-        f12.air     0;
-        f13.air     0;
-        f14.air     0;
-        f15.air     0;
-        f16.air     0;
-        f17.air     0;
-        f18.air     0;
-        f19.air     0;
-        f20.air     0;
-        f21.air     0;
-        f22.air     0;
-        f23.air     0;
-        f24.air     0;
-        f25.air     0;
-        f26.air     0;
-        f27.air     0;
-        f28.air     0;
-    }
-}
-
-waterSink
 {
     type            massSource;
 
@@ -71,7 +26,9 @@ waterSink
     rho             thermo:rho.water;
 
     fieldValues
-    {}
+    {
+        U.water     (0 0 0);
+    }
 }
 
 // ************************************************************************* //

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/negativeDrift/constant/physicalProperties.air

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ thermoType
     mixture         pureMixture;
     transport       const;
     thermo          hConst;
-    equationOfState rhoConst;
+    equationOfState perfectGas;
     specie          specie;
     energy          sensibleInternalEnergy;
 }
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ mixture
     {
         molWeight   28.9;
     }
-    equationOfState
-    {
-        rho         1;
-    }
     thermodynamics
     {
         Cp          1007;

test/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/populationBalance/negativeDrift/system/fvSolution

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ PIMPLE
     pRefCell        0;
     pRefValue       1e5;
 
-    flow            no;
+    flow            yes;
     thermophysics   yes;
     models          yes;
 }

tutorials/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/RAS/wallBoilingPolydisperse/system/fvSolution

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ solvers
         tolerance               1e-4;
         scale                   true;
         solveOnFinalIterOnly    true;
-        sourceUpdateInterval    1;
+        sourceUpdateInterval    20;
     }
 
     p_rgh

tutorials/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/RAS/wallBoilingPolydisperseTwoGroups/system/fvSolution

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ solvers
         tolerance               1e-4;
         scale                   true;
         solveOnFinalIterOnly    true;
-        sourceUpdateInterval    1;
+        sourceUpdateInterval    20;
     }
 
     p_rgh