diff --git a/applications/legacy/incompressible/dnsFoam/dnsFoam.C b/applications/legacy/incompressible/dnsFoam/dnsFoam.C
index c6e84016aa..b4a1c33c65 100644
--- a/applications/legacy/incompressible/dnsFoam/dnsFoam.C
+++ b/applications/legacy/incompressible/dnsFoam/dnsFoam.C
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ Description
 #include "Kmesh.H"
 #include "UOprocess.H"
 #include "fft.H"
-#include "calcEk.H"
-#include "graph.H"
+#include "writeEk.H"
 #include "writeFile.H"
 
 #include "pisoControl.H"
@@ -130,15 +129,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
         if (runTime.writeTime())
         {
-            calcEk(U, K).write
-            (
-                runTime.path()
-               /functionObjects::writeFile::outputPrefix
-               /"graphs"
-               /runTime.name(),
-                "Ek",
-                runTime.graphFormat()
-            );
+            writeEk(U, K);
         }
 
         Info<< "ExecutionTime = " << runTime.elapsedCpuTime() << " s"
diff --git a/applications/modules/multiphaseEuler/functionObjects/populationBalanceSizeDistribution/populationBalanceSizeDistribution.C b/applications/modules/multiphaseEuler/functionObjects/populationBalanceSizeDistribution/populationBalanceSizeDistribution.C
index 1c659c3687..2e82e13605 100644
--- a/applications/modules/multiphaseEuler/functionObjects/populationBalanceSizeDistribution/populationBalanceSizeDistribution.C
+++ b/applications/modules/multiphaseEuler/functionObjects/populationBalanceSizeDistribution/populationBalanceSizeDistribution.C
@@ -408,7 +408,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::populationBalanceSizeDistribution::read
 
     fvMeshFunctionObject::read(dict);
 
-    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     return false;
 }
diff --git a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/lagrangian/particleTracks/createFields.H b/applications/utilities/postProcessing/lagrangian/particleTracks/createFields.H
index 5604c11211..0e189b90d3 100644
--- a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/lagrangian/particleTracks/createFields.H
+++ b/applications/utilities/postProcessing/lagrangian/particleTracks/createFields.H
@@ -6,4 +6,7 @@ label sampleFrequency(propsDict.lookup<label>("sampleFrequency"));
 
 label maxPositions(propsDict.lookup<label>("maxPositions"));
 
-word setFormat(propsDict.lookupOrDefault<word>("setFormat", "vtk"));
+word setFormat
+(
+    propsDict.lookupOrDefault<word>("setFormat", runTime.graphFormat())
+);
diff --git a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/createFields.H b/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/createFields.H
deleted file mode 100644
index ae47a91baf..0000000000
--- a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/createFields.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-    const word dictName("noiseDict");
-
-    IOdictionary dict(systemDict(dictName, args, runTime));
-
-    // reference pressure
-    scalar pRef = dict.lookupOrDefault("pRef", 0.0);
-
-    // number of samples in sampling window
-    label N = dict.lookupOrDefault("N", 65536);
-
-    // number of sampling windows
-    label nw = dict.lookupOrDefault("nw", 100);
-
-    // lower frequency of frequency band
-    scalar f1 = dict.lookupOrDefault("f1", 25.0);
-
-    // upper frequency of frequency band
-    scalar fU = dict.lookupOrDefault("fU", 10000.0);
-
-    // graph format
-    word graphFormat = dict.lookupOrDefault<word>("graphFormat", "raw");
diff --git a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/noise.C b/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/noise.C
index 61d29d707a..8529f400a7 100644
--- a/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/noise.C
+++ b/applications/utilities/postProcessing/noise/noise.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ See also
 
 \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-
 #include "noiseFFT.H"
 #include "argList.H"
 #include "Time.H"
 #include "Table.H"
-#include "IOdictionary.H"
 #include "systemDict.H"
+#include "setWriter.H"
+#include "writeFile.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
@@ -132,7 +132,31 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     #include "addDictOption.H"
     #include "setRootCase.H"
     #include "createTime.H"
-    #include "createFields.H"
+
+    const word dictName("noiseDict");
+
+    IOdictionary dict(systemDict(dictName, args, runTime));
+
+    // Reference pressure
+    const scalar pRef = dict.lookupOrDefault("pRef", 0.0);
+
+    // Number of samples in sampling window
+    const label N = dict.lookupOrDefault("N", 65536);
+
+    // Number of sampling windows
+    const label nw = dict.lookupOrDefault("nw", 100);
+
+    // Lower frequency of frequency band
+    const scalar f1 = dict.lookupOrDefault("f1", 25.0);
+
+    // Upper frequency of frequency band
+    const scalar fU = dict.lookupOrDefault("fU", 10000.0);
+
+    // Graph format
+    const word graphFormat
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault<word>("graphFormat", runTime.graphFormat())
+    );
 
     Info<< "Reading data file" << endl;
     Function1s::Table<scalar> pData
@@ -163,24 +187,60 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     nfft -= pRef;
 
-    fileName pDateFileName(dict.subDict("pressureData").lookup("file"));
-    fileName baseFileName(pDateFileName.lessExt());
+    const fileName pDateFileName(dict.subDict("pressureData").lookup("file"));
+    const fileName baseFileName(pDateFileName.lessExt());
+    const fileName outputPath
+    (
+        runTime.path()
+       /functionObjects::writeFile::outputPrefix
+       /baseFileName
+    );
 
-    graph Pf(nfft.RMSmeanPf(N, min(nfft.size()/N, nw)));
-    Info<< "    Creating graph for " << Pf.title() << endl;
-    Pf.write(baseFileName + graph::wordify(Pf.title()), graphFormat);
+    autoPtr<setWriter> writer(setWriter::New(graphFormat));
 
-    graph Lf(nfft.Lf(Pf));
-    Info<< "    Creating graph for " << Lf.title() << endl;
-    Lf.write(baseFileName + graph::wordify(Lf.title()), graphFormat);
+    const Pair<scalarField> Pf(nfft.RMSmeanPf(N, min(nfft.size()/N, nw)));
+    Info<< "    Creating graph for P(f)" << endl;
+    writer->write
+    (
+        outputPath,
+        "Pf",
+        coordSet(true, "f [Hz]", Pf.first()),
+        "P(f) [Pa]",
+        Pf.second()
+    );
 
-    graph Ldelta(nfft.Ldelta(Lf, f1, fU));
-    Info<< "    Creating graph for " << Ldelta.title() << endl;
-    Ldelta.write(baseFileName + graph::wordify(Ldelta.title()), graphFormat);
+    const Pair<scalarField> Lf(nfft.Lf(Pf));
+    Info<< "    Creating graph for L(f)" << endl;
+    writer->write
+    (
+        outputPath,
+        "Lf",
+        coordSet(true, "f [Hz]", Lf.first()),
+        "L(f) [dB]",
+        Lf.second()
+    );
 
-    graph Pdelta(nfft.Pdelta(Pf, f1, fU));
-    Info<< "    Creating graph for " << Pdelta.title() << endl;
-    Pdelta.write(baseFileName + graph::wordify(Pdelta.title()), graphFormat);
+    const Pair<scalarField> Ldelta(nfft.Ldelta(Lf, f1, fU));
+    Info<< "    Creating graph for Ldelta" << endl;
+    writer->write
+    (
+        outputPath,
+        "Ldelta",
+        coordSet(true, "fm [Hz]", Ldelta.first()),
+        "Ldelta(f) [dB]",
+        Ldelta.second()
+    );
+
+    const Pair<scalarField> Pdelta(nfft.Pdelta(Pf, f1, fU));
+    Info<< "    Creating graph for Pdelta" << endl;
+    writer->write
+    (
+        outputPath,
+        "Pdelta",
+        coordSet(true, "fm [Hz]", Pdelta.first()),
+        "P(f) [dB]",
+        Pdelta.second()
+    );
 
     Info<< nl << "End\n" << endl;
 
diff --git a/applications/utilities/preProcessing/boxTurb/boxTurb.C b/applications/utilities/preProcessing/boxTurb/boxTurb.C
index 786ab050a9..cc038dfd55 100644
--- a/applications/utilities/preProcessing/boxTurb/boxTurb.C
+++ b/applications/utilities/preProcessing/boxTurb/boxTurb.C
@@ -32,11 +32,10 @@ Description
 
 #include "argList.H"
 #include "volFields.H"
-#include "graph.H"
 #include "OFstream.H"
 #include "Kmesh.H"
 #include "turbGen.H"
-#include "calcEk.H"
+#include "writeEk.H"
 #include "writeFile.H"
 
 using namespace Foam;
@@ -70,15 +69,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     U.write();
 
-    calcEk(U, K).write
-    (
-        runTime.path()
-       /functionObjects::writeFile::outputPrefix
-       /"graphs"
-       /runTime.name(),
-        "Ek",
-        runTime.graphFormat()
-    );
+    writeEk(U, K);
 
     Info<< "end" << endl;
 
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.C b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.C
index cdd2ad324b..dd0741850d 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.C
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.C
@@ -41,9 +41,14 @@ bool Foam::functionObject::postProcess(false);
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-Foam::functionObject::functionObject(const word& name)
+Foam::functionObject::functionObject
+(
+    const word& name,
+    const Time& runTime
+)
 :
     name_(name),
+    time_(runTime),
     log(false),
     executeAtStart_(true)
 {}
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.H b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.H
index f763b5e7f9..7439e3b358 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.H
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/functionObject/functionObject.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@ class functionObject
         const word name_;
 
 
+protected:
+
+        //- Reference to time
+        const Time& time_;
+
+
 public:
 
     ClassName("functionObject");
@@ -180,7 +186,7 @@ public:
     // Constructors
 
         //- Construct from components
-        functionObject(const word& name);
+        functionObject(const word& name, const Time& runTime);
 
         //- Return clone
         autoPtr<functionObject> clone() const
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.C b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.C
index b62fe38bdb..ac26adac64 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::regionFunctionObject::regionFunctionObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(runTime),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     obr_
     (
         runTime.lookupObject<objectRegistry>
@@ -127,8 +126,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::regionFunctionObject::regionFunctionObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(obr.time()),
+    functionObject(name, obr.time()),
     obr_(obr)
 {}
 
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.H b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.H
index 7cc73bcf02..7fcf960bf8 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.H
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/regionFunctionObject/regionFunctionObject.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -65,9 +65,6 @@ protected:
 
     // Protected member data
 
-        //- Reference to the Time
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- Reference to the region objectRegistry
         const objectRegistry& obr_;
 
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControl.H b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControl.H
index 7bfa1cacbd..24a9f4ed67 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControl.H
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControl.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ private:
 
     // Private Data
 
-        //- Time object
+        //- Reference to time
         const Time& time_;
 
         //- Prefix
diff --git a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControlFunctionObject.C b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControlFunctionObject.C
index 295a8bde8a..617e04e080 100644
--- a/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControlFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/OpenFOAM/db/functionObjects/timeControl/timeControlFunctionObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::timeControl::timeControl
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, t),
     time_(t),
     startTime_(-vGreat),
     endTime_(vGreat),
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/CourantNo/CourantNo.C b/src/functionObjects/field/CourantNo/CourantNo.C
index 465c4c350a..5feba39431 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/CourantNo/CourantNo.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/CourantNo/CourantNo.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::CourantNo::calc()
         tCo->ref() =
             byRho
             (
-                (0.5*mesh_.time().deltaT())
+                (0.5*time_.deltaT())
                *fvc::surfaceSum(mag(phi))()()
                /mesh_.V()
             );
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/age/age.C b/src/functionObjects/field/age/age.C
index bcacc1c6b3..e2db25554d 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/age/age.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/age/age.C
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::age::execute()
             IOobject
             (
                 typeName,
-                mesh_.time().name(),
+                time_.name(),
                 mesh_,
                 IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
                 IOobject::AUTO_WRITE,
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/comfort/comfort.C b/src/functionObjects/field/comfort/comfort.C
index 398e9f0a12..b3e921916f 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/comfort/comfort.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/comfort/comfort.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2019-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2019-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::execute()
         IOobject
         (
             "hc",
-            mesh_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             mesh_
         ),
         mesh_,
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::execute()
         IOobject
         (
             "TI",
-            mesh_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             mesh_
         ),
         mesh_,
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverage.C b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverage.C
index 4bfa06f07e..217a42c12a 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverage.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverage.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::initialise()
 
 void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::restart()
 {
-    Log << "    Restarting averaging at time " << obr_.time().name() << nl;
+    Log << "    Restarting averaging at time " << time_.name() << nl;
 
     // Clear the times
     totalIter_ = 0;
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::calcAverages()
 {
     Log << type() << " " << name() << ":" << nl;
 
-    const label currentTimeIndex = obr_.time().timeIndex();
-    const scalar currentTime = obr_.time().value();
+    const label currentTimeIndex = time_.timeIndex();
+    const scalar currentTime = time_.value();
 
     if (prevTimeIndex_ == currentTimeIndex)
     {
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::calcAverages()
     forAll(faItems_, fieldi)
     {
         totalIter_[fieldi]++;
-        totalTime_[fieldi] += obr_.time().deltaTValue();
+        totalTime_[fieldi] += time_.deltaTValue();
     }
 
     Log << "    Calculating averages" << nl;
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::writeAverages() const
         IOobject
         (
             name() + "Properties",
-            obr_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             "uniform",
             obr_,
             IOobject::NO_READ,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::read
         typeIOobject<timeIOdictionary> propsDictHeader
         (
             name() + "Properties",
-            obr_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             "uniform",
             obr_,
             IOobject::MUST_READ_IF_MODIFIED,
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverageTemplates.C b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverageTemplates.C
index d94af60829..4ac7821a6f 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverageTemplates.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldAverage/fieldAverageTemplates.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::readMeanFieldType(const label fieldi)
     IOobject meanFieldIo
     (
         meanFieldName,
-        obr_.time().name(),
+        time_.name(),
         obr_,
         IOobject::MUST_READ,
         IOobject::NO_WRITE
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::initialiseMeanFieldType
                 IOobject
                 (
                     meanFieldName,
-                    obr_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     obr_
                 ),
                 1*baseField
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::readPrime2MeanFieldType
     IOobject prime2MeanFieldIo
     (
         prime2MeanFieldName,
-        obr_.time().name(),
+        time_.name(),
         obr_,
         IOobject::MUST_READ,
         IOobject::NO_WRITE
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::initialisePrime2MeanFieldType
                 IOobject
                 (
                     prime2MeanFieldName,
-                    obr_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     obr_
                 ),
                 sqr(baseField) - sqr(meanField)
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::calculateMeanFieldType
     Type& meanField =
         obr_.lookupObjectRef<Type>(faItems_[fieldi].meanFieldName());
 
-    scalar dt = obr_.time().deltaTValue();
+    scalar dt = time_.deltaTValue();
     scalar Dt = totalTime_[fieldi];
 
     if (iterBase())
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::fieldAverage::calculatePrime2MeanFieldType
     Type2& prime2MeanField =
         obr_.lookupObjectRef<Type2>(faItems_[fieldi].prime2MeanFieldName());
 
-    scalar dt = obr_.time().deltaTValue();
+    scalar dt = time_.deltaTValue();
     scalar Dt = totalTime_[fieldi];
 
     if (iterBase())
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/surfaceFieldValue/surfaceFieldValueI.H b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/surfaceFieldValue/surfaceFieldValueI.H
index afe975c817..24c069da67 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/surfaceFieldValue/surfaceFieldValueI.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/surfaceFieldValue/surfaceFieldValueI.H
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::fieldValues::surfaceFieldValue::faceSign() const
 inline Foam::fileName
 Foam::functionObjects::fieldValues::surfaceFieldValue::outputDir() const
 {
-    return baseFileDir()/name()/"surface"/obr_.time().name();
+    return baseFileDir()/name()/"surface"/time_.name();
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/volFieldValue/volFieldValueTemplates.C b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/volFieldValue/volFieldValueTemplates.C
index 570ab47718..02d32c6fc8 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/volFieldValue/volFieldValueTemplates.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/fieldValues/volFieldValue/volFieldValueTemplates.C
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::fieldValues::volFieldValue::writeValues
                 (
                     fieldName + '_' + selectionTypeNames[selectionType()]
                   + '-' + cellSetName(),
-                    obr_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     obr_,
                     IOobject::NO_READ,
                     IOobject::NO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/histogram/histogram.C b/src/functionObjects/field/histogram/histogram.C
index 9e4aa5cfd2..ce10e50e1b 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/histogram/histogram.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/histogram/histogram.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -71,7 +71,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::histogram::read(const dictionary& dict)
     min_ = dict.lookupOrDefault<scalar>("min", 0);
     dict.lookup("nBins") >> nBins_;
 
-    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::histogram::write()
                 IOobject
                 (
                     fieldName_,
-                    mesh_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     mesh_,
                     IOobject::MUST_READ,
                     IOobject::NO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/layerAverage/layerAverage.C b/src/functionObjects/field/layerAverage/layerAverage.C
index 6b5144e295..c4e55c411e 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/layerAverage/layerAverage.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/layerAverage/layerAverage.C
@@ -245,7 +245,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::layerAverage::read(const dictionary& dict)
 
     fields_ = dict.lookup<wordList>("fields");
 
-    formatter_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatter_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     calcLayers();
 
@@ -316,11 +320,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::layerAverage::write()
     {
         // Make output directory
         const fileName outputPath =
-            mesh_.time().globalPath()
+            time_.globalPath()
            /writeFile::outputPrefix
            /(mesh_.name() != polyMesh::defaultRegion ? mesh_.name() : word())
            /name()
-           /mesh_.time().name();
+           /time_.name();
         mkDir(outputPath);
 
         scalarField layerDistance(layerCentre_.size(), 0);
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/nearWallFields/nearWallFields.C b/src/functionObjects/field/nearWallFields/nearWallFields.C
index 01e84878a6..5fff4c677e 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/nearWallFields/nearWallFields.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/nearWallFields/nearWallFields.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::nearWallFields::calcAddressing()
         // Dump particles
         OBJstream str
         (
-            mesh_.time().path()
-           /"wantedTracks_" + mesh_.time().name() + ".obj"
+            time_.path()
+           /"wantedTracks_" + time_.name() + ".obj"
         );
         InfoInFunction << "Dumping tracks to " << str.name() << endl;
 
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::nearWallFields::calcAddressing()
         {
             OBJstream str
             (
-                mesh_.time().path()
-               /"obtainedTracks_" + mesh_.time().name() + ".obj"
+                time_.path()
+               /"obtainedTracks_" + time_.name() + ".obj"
             );
             InfoInFunction << "Dumping obtained to " << str.name() << endl;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/patchCutLayerAverage/patchCutLayerAverage.C b/src/functionObjects/field/patchCutLayerAverage/patchCutLayerAverage.C
index 60b7feb958..1763fd6b2c 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/patchCutLayerAverage/patchCutLayerAverage.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/patchCutLayerAverage/patchCutLayerAverage.C
@@ -607,11 +607,11 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::patchCutLayerAverage::initialise()
 Foam::fileName Foam::functionObjects::patchCutLayerAverage::outputPath() const
 {
     return
-        mesh_.time().globalPath()
+        time_.globalPath()
        /writeFile::outputPrefix
        /(mesh_.name() != polyMesh::defaultRegion ? mesh_.name() : word())
        /name()
-       /mesh_.time().name();
+       /time_.name();
 }
 
 
@@ -658,7 +658,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::patchCutLayerAverage::read(const dictionary& dict)
             )
         ];
 
-    formatter_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatter_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     nOptimiseIter_ = dict.lookupOrDefault("nOptimiseIter", 2);
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/readFields/readFieldsTemplates.C b/src/functionObjects/field/readFields/readFieldsTemplates.C
index 77dc19b9c5..088b6b1b23 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/readFields/readFieldsTemplates.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/readFields/readFieldsTemplates.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::readFields::loadField
         IOobject fieldHeader
         (
             fieldName,
-            mesh_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             mesh_,
             IOobject::MUST_READ,
             IOobject::NO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/regionSizeDistribution/regionSizeDistribution.C b/src/functionObjects/field/regionSizeDistribution/regionSizeDistribution.C
index c444acdf9e..37c51820d0 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/regionSizeDistribution/regionSizeDistribution.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/regionSizeDistribution/regionSizeDistribution.C
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::regionSizeDistribution::writeAlphaFields
         IOobject
         (
             alphaName_ + "_liquidCore",
-            obr_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             obr_,
             IOobject::NO_READ
         ),
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::regionSizeDistribution::writeAlphaFields
         IOobject
         (
             alphaName_ + "_background",
-            obr_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             obr_,
             IOobject::NO_READ
         ),
@@ -371,7 +371,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::regionSizeDistribution::read(const dictionary& dict)
     dict.lookup("nBins") >> nBins_;
     dict.lookup("fields") >> fields_;
 
-    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -410,7 +414,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::regionSizeDistribution::write()
                 IOobject
                 (
                     alphaName_,
-                    mesh_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     mesh_,
                     IOobject::MUST_READ,
                     IOobject::NO_WRITE
@@ -505,7 +509,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::regionSizeDistribution::write()
             IOobject
             (
                 "region",
-                mesh_.time().name(),
+                time_.name(),
                 mesh_,
                 IOobject::NO_READ,
                 IOobject::NO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/streamlines/streamlines.C b/src/functionObjects/field/streamlines/streamlines.C
index 92dd3ce23e..a8ee70e486 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/streamlines/streamlines.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/streamlines/streamlines.C
@@ -181,7 +181,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::streamlines::read(const dictionary& dict)
         dict.subDict("seedSampleSet")
     );
 
-    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict);
+    formatterPtr_ = setWriter::New
+    (
+        dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat()),
+        dict
+    );
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -534,11 +538,11 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::streamlines::write()
     {
         // Make output directory
         const fileName outputPath =
-            mesh_.time().globalPath()
+            time_.globalPath()
            /writeFile::outputPrefix
            /(mesh_.name() != polyMesh::defaultRegion ? mesh_.name() : word())
            /name()
-           /mesh_.time().name();
+           /time_.name();
         mkDir(outputPath);
 
         // Pass data to the formatter to write
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/turbulenceFields/turbulenceFieldsTemplates.C b/src/functionObjects/field/turbulenceFields/turbulenceFieldsTemplates.C
index 5b9b2db4cb..02eb368e41 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/turbulenceFields/turbulenceFieldsTemplates.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/turbulenceFields/turbulenceFieldsTemplates.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2012-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2012-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::turbulenceFields::processField
                 IOobject
                 (
                     scopedName,
-                    obr_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     obr_,
                     IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
                     IOobject::NO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatFlux/wallHeatFlux.C b/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatFlux/wallHeatFlux.C
index 35e8d9f336..747bdc23bf 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatFlux/wallHeatFlux.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatFlux/wallHeatFlux.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::wallHeatFlux::write()
         if (Pstream::master())
         {
             file()
-                << mesh_.time().userTimeValue()
+                << time_.userTimeValue()
                 << tab << pp.name()
                 << tab << minqp
                 << tab << maxqp
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatTransferCoeff/wallHeatTransferCoeff.C b/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatTransferCoeff/wallHeatTransferCoeff.C
index 6fd09f8646..60cbd80b6e 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatTransferCoeff/wallHeatTransferCoeff.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/wallHeatTransferCoeff/wallHeatTransferCoeff.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::wallHeatTransferCoeff::write()
         if (Pstream::master())
         {
             file()
-                << mesh_.time().userTimeValue()
+                << time_.userTimeValue()
                 << tab << pp.name()
                 << tab << minHtcp
                 << tab << maxHtcp
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/field/wallShearStress/wallShearStress.C b/src/functionObjects/field/wallShearStress/wallShearStress.C
index a1106c5ca4..efbcd61a81 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/field/wallShearStress/wallShearStress.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/field/wallShearStress/wallShearStress.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::wallShearStress::write()
 
         if (Pstream::master())
         {
-            file() << mesh_.time().userTimeValue()
+            file() << time_.userTimeValue()
                 << tab << pp.name()
                 << tab << minSsp
                 << tab << maxSsp
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/solvers/phaseScalarTransport/phaseScalarTransport.C b/src/functionObjects/solvers/phaseScalarTransport/phaseScalarTransport.C
index 6b78893901..83bd7be2dd 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/solvers/phaseScalarTransport/phaseScalarTransport.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/solvers/phaseScalarTransport/phaseScalarTransport.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2019-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2019-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Foam::volScalarField& Foam::functionObjects::phaseScalarTransport::Phi()
                 IOobject
                 (
                     "Phi" + s_.name(),
-                    mesh_.time().name(),
+                    time_.name(),
                     mesh_,
                     IOobject::READ_IF_PRESENT,
                     IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::phaseScalarTransport::alphaPhi()
         Info<< type() << ": Writing " << DDtAlpha.name() << endl;
         DDtAlpha.write();
     };
-    if (debug && mesh_.time().writeTime())
+    if (debug && time_.writeTime())
     {
         writeDDt(0);
     }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::phaseScalarTransport::alphaPhi()
     }
 
     // Debug writing
-    if (debug && mesh_.time().writeTime())
+    if (debug && time_.writeTime())
     {
         writeDDt(1);
     }
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::phaseScalarTransport::phaseScalarTransport
         IOobject
         (
             fieldName_,
-            mesh_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             mesh_,
             IOobject::MUST_READ,
             IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::phaseScalarTransport::execute()
                         "alpha"
                       + word(toupper(fieldName_[0]))
                       + fieldName_(1, fieldName_.size() - 1),
-                        mesh_.time().name(),
+                        time_.name(),
                         mesh_,
                         IOobject::NO_READ,
                         IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/solvers/scalarTransport/scalarTransport.C b/src/functionObjects/solvers/scalarTransport/scalarTransport.C
index f01d3f7781..3d4fb505b8 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/solvers/scalarTransport/scalarTransport.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/solvers/scalarTransport/scalarTransport.C
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::scalarTransport::scalarTransport
         IOobject
         (
             fieldName_,
-            mesh_.time().name(),
+            time_.name(),
             mesh_,
             IOobject::MUST_READ,
             IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::scalarTransport::solveMULES()
             if
             (
                 sRestart_
-             || mesh_.time().timeIndex() > mesh_.time().startTimeIndex() + 1
+             || time_.timeIndex() > time_.startTimeIndex() + 1
             )
             {
                 ocCoeff =
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.C
index 8c7de80fe0..76e16e4d5a 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.C
@@ -119,9 +119,8 @@ Foam::codedFunctionObject::codedFunctionObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    codedBase(name, dict),
-    time_(time)
+    functionObject(name, time),
+    codedBase(name, dict)
 {
     read(dict);
 }
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.H b/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.H
index 643fada861..298a486fb3 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/codedFunctionObject/codedFunctionObject.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ class codedFunctionObject
 {
     // Private Data
 
-        //- Reference to the time database
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- The dynamically generated functionObject pointer
         mutable autoPtr<functionObject> redirectFunctionObjectPtr_;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/removeRegisteredObject/removeRegisteredObject.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/removeRegisteredObject/removeRegisteredObject.C
index 26025cbe9c..5823bb7e89 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/removeRegisteredObject/removeRegisteredObject.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/removeRegisteredObject/removeRegisteredObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::removeRegisteredObject::removeRegisteredObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     obr_
     (
         runTime.lookupObject<objectRegistry>
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.C
index 87e35f72c7..e1dcf81a04 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::setTimeStepFunctionObject::setTimeStepFunctionObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(runTime)
+    functionObject(name, runTime)
 {
     read(dict);
 }
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.H b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.H
index 516770b8c8..410239979d 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setTimeStep/setTimeStepFunctionObject.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ class setTimeStepFunctionObject
 {
     // Private Data
 
-        //- Reference to the time database
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- Time step function/table
         autoPtr<Function1<scalar>> timeStepPtr_;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.C
index 63dcfa2469..8846b13588 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ setWriteIntervalFunctionObject
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(runTime)
+    functionObject(name, runTime)
 {
     read(dict);
 }
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.H b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.H
index a5aed86306..cf51a0ca71 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/setWriteInterval/setWriteIntervalFunctionObject.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -81,9 +81,6 @@ class setWriteIntervalFunctionObject
 {
     // Private Data
 
-        //- Reference to the time database
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- Time step function/table
         autoPtr<Function1<scalar>> writeIntervalPtr_;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.C
index 744c66d1d1..c5c4b14ed1 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.C
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::stopAt::stopAt
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(runTime),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     action_(actionType::nextWrite),
     stopped_(false)
 {}
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.H b/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.H
index a2be8c7d8e..d9cd765c11 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/stopAt/stopAt.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -73,9 +73,6 @@ protected:
 
     // Protected data
 
-        //- Reference to the Time
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- Action type names
         static const NamedEnum<actionType, 3> actionTypeNames_;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/systemCall/systemCall.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/systemCall/systemCall.C
index 49c4d7ed0f..94ae7d34e7 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/systemCall/systemCall.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/systemCall/systemCall.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ namespace functionObjects
 Foam::functionObjects::systemCall::systemCall
 (
     const word& name,
-    const Time&,
+    const Time& time,
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, time),
     executeCalls_(),
     endCalls_(),
     writeCalls_()
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.C
index 7f5c492b04..5cd4fdfb72 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -82,8 +82,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::timeActivatedFileUpdate::timeActivatedFileUpdate
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
-    time_(runTime),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     fileToUpdate_(dict.lookup("fileToUpdate")),
     fileVsTime_(),
     lastIndex_(-1)
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.H b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.H
index 2155a12f4e..9b02b492a1 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.H
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeActivatedFileUpdate/timeActivatedFileUpdate.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -82,9 +82,6 @@ class timeActivatedFileUpdate
 {
     // Private Data
 
-        //- Reference to Time
-        const Time& time_;
-
         //- Name of file to update
         fileName fileToUpdate_;
 
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeStep/timeStepFunctionObject.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeStep/timeStepFunctionObject.C
index 33dfeb1661..5249054358 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeStep/timeStepFunctionObject.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/timeStep/timeStepFunctionObject.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2020-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::timeStep::write()
     {
         writeTime(file());
 
-        file() << tab << obr_.time().deltaTValue();
+        file() << tab << time_.deltaTValue();
 
         file() << endl;
     }
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeDictionary/writeDictionary.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeDictionary/writeDictionary.C
index c7d3f6bfef..cf46cd4517 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeDictionary/writeDictionary.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeDictionary/writeDictionary.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2013-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::writeDictionary::writeDictionary
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     obr_
     (
         runTime.lookupObject<objectRegistry>
@@ -190,16 +190,16 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::writeDictionary::write()
         }
         else
         {
-            bool processed = tryDirectory(i, obr_.time().name(), firstDict);
+            bool processed = tryDirectory(i, time_.name(), firstDict);
 
             if (!processed)
             {
-                processed = tryDirectory(i, obr_.time().constant(), firstDict);
+                processed = tryDirectory(i, time_.constant(), firstDict);
             }
 
             if (!processed)
             {
-                processed = tryDirectory(i, obr_.time().system(), firstDict);
+                processed = tryDirectory(i, time_.system(), firstDict);
             }
 
             if (!processed)
diff --git a/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeObjects/writeObjects.C b/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeObjects/writeObjects.C
index 506c00166e..f91e970f2e 100644
--- a/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeObjects/writeObjects.C
+++ b/src/functionObjects/utilities/writeObjects/writeObjects.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void Foam::functionObjects::writeObjects::writeObject
     if
     (
         obj.writeOpt() == IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
-     && writeObr_.time().writeTime()
+     && time_.writeTime()
     )
     {
         Log << "    automatically written object " << obj.name() << endl;
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Foam::functionObjects::writeObjects::writeObjects
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, runTime),
     writeObjectsBase
     (
         runTime.lookupObject<objectRegistry>
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/parcel/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/SizeDistribution/SizeDistribution.C b/src/lagrangian/parcel/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/SizeDistribution/SizeDistribution.C
index edf3290ea4..5ace063638 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/parcel/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/SizeDistribution/SizeDistribution.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/parcel/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/SizeDistribution/SizeDistribution.C
@@ -108,8 +108,18 @@ Foam::SizeDistribution<CloudType>::SizeDistribution
 :
     CloudFunctionObject<CloudType>(dict, owner, modelName, typeName),
     nPoints_(dict.lookup<label>("nPoints")),
-    formatter_(setWriter::New(dict.lookup("setFormat"), dict))
-
+    formatter_
+    (
+        setWriter::New
+        (
+            dict.lookupOrDefault
+            (
+                "setFormat",
+                owner.mesh().time().graphFormat()
+            ),
+            dict
+        )
+    )
 {}
 
 
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/Make/files b/src/randomProcesses/Make/files
index 10f52dfa17..86811b9c87 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/Make/files
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/Make/files
@@ -1,34 +1,14 @@
-Kmesh                       = Kmesh
+Kmesh/Kmesh.C
 
-fft                         = fft
+fft/fft.C
+fft/fftRenumber.C
+fft/writeEk.C
+fft/kShellIntegration.C
 
-processes                   = processes
-UOprocess                   = $(processes)/UOprocess
+processes/UOprocess/UOprocess.C
 
-turbulence                  = turbulence
+turbulence/turbGen.C
 
-noise                       = noise
-
-$(Kmesh)/Kmesh.C
-
-$(fft)/fft.C
-$(fft)/fftRenumber.C
-$(fft)/calcEk.C
-$(fft)/kShellIntegration.C
-
-$(UOprocess)/UOprocess.C
-
-$(turbulence)/turbGen.C
-
-$(noise)/noiseFFT.C
-
-graph/curve/curve.C
-graph/graph.C
-
-writers = graph/writers
-$(writers)/rawGraph/rawGraph.C
-$(writers)/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.C
-$(writers)/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.C
-$(writers)/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.C
+noise/noiseFFT.C
 
 LIB = $(FOAM_LIBBIN)/librandomProcesses
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/Make/options b/src/randomProcesses/Make/options
index 71b7873964..61fc018ad9 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/Make/options
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/Make/options
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 EXE_INC = \
-    -I$(LIB_SRC)/finiteVolume/lnInclude
+    -I$(LIB_SRC)/finiteVolume/lnInclude \
+    -I$(LIB_SRC)/sampling/lnInclude
 
 LIB_LIBS = \
-    -lfiniteVolume
+    -lfiniteVolume \
+    -lsampling
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.C b/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 666afa8316..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-/*======================================================================*/
-
-// This routine evaluates q(k) (McComb, p61) by summing all wavevectors
-// in a k-shell. Then we divide through by the volume of the box
-// - to be accurate, by the volume of the ellipsoid enclosing the
-// box (assume cells even in each direction). Finally, multiply the
-// q(k) values by k^2 to give the full power spectrum E(k). Integrating
-// this over the whole range gives the energy in turbulence.
-
-/*======================================================================*/
-
-#include "calcEk.H"
-#include "fft.H"
-#include "Kmesh.H"
-#include "kShellIntegration.H"
-#include "volFields.H"
-#include "graph.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-graph calcEk
-(
-    const volVectorField& U,
-    const Kmesh& K
-)
-{
-    return kShellIntegration
-    (
-        fft::forwardTransform
-        (
-            ReComplexField(U.primitiveField()),
-            K.nn()
-        ),
-        K
-    );
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.H b/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.H
deleted file mode 100644
index 99cd05edb7..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/fft/calcEk.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef calcEk_H
-#define calcEk_H
-
-#include "volFieldsFwd.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-class graph;
-class Kmesh;
-
-graph calcEk
-(
-    const volVectorField& U,
-    const Kmesh& K
-);
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-#endif
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.C b/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.C
index 1298f7c052..557f12760f 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.C
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ License
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-Foam::graph Foam::kShellIntegration
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::kShellIntegration
 (
     const complexVectorField& Ek,
     const Kmesh& K
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ Foam::graph Foam::kShellIntegration
     // evaluate the radial component of the spectra as an average
     // over the shells of thickness dk
 
-    graph kShellMeanEk = kShellMean(Ek, K);
-    const scalarField& x = kShellMeanEk.x();
-    scalarField& y = *kShellMeanEk.begin()();
+    Pair<scalarField> kShellMeanEk(kShellMean(Ek, K));
+    const scalarField& x = kShellMeanEk.first();
+    scalarField& y = kShellMeanEk.second();
 
     // now multiply by 4pi k^2 (the volume of each shell) to get the
     // spectra E(k). int E(k) dk is now the total energy in a box
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Foam::graph Foam::kShellIntegration
 // kShellMean : average over the points in a k-shell to evaluate the
 // radial part of the energy spectrum.
 
-Foam::graph Foam::kShellMean
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::kShellMean
 (
     const complexVectorField& Ek,
     const Kmesh& K
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ Foam::graph Foam::kShellMean
         }
     }
 
-    return graph("E(k)", "k", "E(k)", k1D, Ek1D);
+    return Pair<scalarField>(k1D, Ek1D);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.H b/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.H
index 4c91bdc98d..757848988d 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.H
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/fft/kShellIntegration.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ SourceFiles
 
 #include "complexFields.H"
 #include "Kmesh.H"
-#include "graph.H"
+#include "Pair.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ namespace Foam
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-graph kShellIntegration
+Pair<scalarField> kShellIntegration
 (
     const complexVectorField& Ek,
     const Kmesh& K
 );
 
 
-graph kShellMean
+Pair<scalarField> kShellMean
 (
     const complexVectorField& Ek,
     const Kmesh& K
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.H b/src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.C
similarity index 58%
rename from src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.H
rename to src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.C
index 58989a2382..47397a66d6 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.H
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -21,81 +21,62 @@ License
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-Class
-    Foam::jplotGraph
-
-Description
-    jplot graph output
-
-SourceFiles
-    jplotGraph.C
-
 \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-#ifndef jplotGraph_H
-#define jplotGraph_H
-
-#include "graph.H"
+#include "writeEk.H"
+#include "fft.H"
+#include "kShellIntegration.H"
+#include "volFields.H"
+#include "setWriter.H"
+#include "writeFile.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
 namespace Foam
 {
 
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                         Class jplotGraph Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-class jplotGraph
-:
-    public graph::writer
+void writeEk
+(
+    const volVectorField& U,
+    const Kmesh& K
+)
 {
+    const Pair<scalarField> Ek
+    (
+        kShellIntegration
+        (
+            fft::forwardTransform
+            (
+                ReComplexField(U.primitiveField()),
+                K.nn()
+            ),
+            K
+        )
+    );
 
-public:
+    autoPtr<setWriter> writer
+    (
+        setWriter::New(U.time().graphFormat())
+    );
 
-    //- Runtime type information
-    TypeName("jplot");
-
-    //- FileName extension  for this graph format
-    static const word ext_;
-
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct null
-        jplotGraph()
-        {}
-
-
-    //- Destructor
-    ~jplotGraph()
-    {}
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            //- Return the appropriate fileName extension
-            //  for this graph format
-            const word& ext() const
-            {
-                return ext_;
-            }
-
-
-        // Write
-
-            void write(const graph&, Ostream& os) const;
-};
+    writer->write
+    (
+        U.time().path()
+       /functionObjects::writeFile::outputPrefix
+       /"graphs"
+       /U.time().name(),
+        "Ek",
+        coordSet(true,"k", Ek.first()),
+        "E(k)",
+        Ek.second()
+    );
+}
 
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
 } // End namespace Foam
 
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-#endif
-
 // ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.H b/src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.H
similarity index 59%
rename from src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.H
rename to src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.H
index 6d94bb9bea..cd0af82a73 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.H
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/fft/writeEk.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -21,73 +21,36 @@ License
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-Class
-    Foam::rawGraph
+Application
+    writeEk
 
 Description
-    A raw xy graph output
-
-SourceFiles
-    rawGraph.C
+    This function evaluates q(k) (McComb, p61) by summing all wavevectors
+    in a k-shell. Then we divide through by the volume of the box
+    - to be accurate, by the volume of the ellipsoid enclosing the
+    box (assume cells even in each direction). Finally, multiply the
+    q(k) values by k^2 to give the full power spectrum E(k). Integrating
+    this over the whole range gives the energy in turbulence.
 
 \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-#ifndef rawGraph_H
-#define rawGraph_H
+#ifndef writeEk_H
+#define writeEk_H
 
-#include "graph.H"
+#include "volFieldsFwd.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
 namespace Foam
 {
 
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                          Class rawGraph Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+class Kmesh;
 
-class rawGraph
-:
-    public graph::writer
-{
-
-public:
-
-    //- Runtime type information
-    TypeName("raw");
-
-    //- FileName extension  for this graph format
-    static const word ext_;
-
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct null
-        rawGraph()
-        {}
-
-
-    //- Destructor
-    ~rawGraph()
-    {}
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            //- Return the appropriate fileName extension
-            //  for this graph format
-            const word& ext() const
-            {
-                return ext_;
-            }
-
-
-        // Write
-
-            void write(const graph&, Ostream& os) const;
-};
+void writeEk
+(
+    const volVectorField& U,
+    const Kmesh& K
+);
 
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e4aaf2ffc..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "curve.H"
-#include "Ostream.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-Foam::curve::curve
-(
-    const string& name,
-    const curveStyle& style,
-    const label l
-)
-:
-    scalarField(l, 0.0),
-    name_(name),
-    style_(style)
-{}
-
-
-Foam::curve::curve
-(
-    const string& name,
-    const curveStyle& style,
-    const scalarField& y
-)
-:
-    scalarField(y),
-    name_(name),
-    style_(style)
-{}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * IOstream Operators  * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-Foam::Ostream& Foam::operator<<(Ostream& os, const curve& c)
-{
-    os  << nl
-        << c.name_ << nl
-        << c.style_ << nl
-        << static_cast<const scalarField&>(c);
-
-    os.check("Ostream& operator>>(Ostream&, const curve&)");
-
-    return os;
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.H b/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.H
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e518f5c26..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curve.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-Class
-    Foam::curve
-
-Description
-    A single curve in a graph.
-
-SourceFiles
-    curve.C
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#ifndef curve_H
-#define curve_H
-
-#include "string.H"
-#include "primitiveFields.H"
-#include "autoPtr.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-// Forward declaration of friend functions and operators
-
-class curve;
-Ostream& operator<<(Ostream&, const curve&);
-
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                            Class curve Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-class curve
-:
-    public scalarField
-{
-
-public:
-
-    //- The style (line, symbol, etc) of a curve
-    class curveStyle
-    {
-
-    public:
-
-        //- Enumeration definitions
-        enum curveStyleNo
-        {
-            CONTINUOUS,
-            SYMBOL,
-            SYMBOL_CURVE,
-            SYMBOL_WITH_ERROR_BARS,
-            SYMBOL_WITH_VARIABLE_SIZE
-        };
-
-
-    private:
-
-        // Private Data
-
-            curveStyleNo CurveStyleNo;
-
-
-    public:
-
-
-        // Constructors
-
-            //- Construct given a curveStyleNo
-            curveStyle(const curveStyleNo csn)
-            :
-                CurveStyleNo(csn)
-            {}
-
-            //- Construct from Istream
-            curveStyle(Istream& is)
-            :
-                CurveStyleNo(curveStyleNo(readInt(is)))
-            {}
-
-
-        // Ostream operator
-
-            friend Ostream& operator<<(Ostream& os, const curveStyle& cs)
-            {
-                os << int(cs.CurveStyleNo);
-                return os;
-            }
-    };
-
-
-private:
-
-    // Private Data
-
-        string name_;
-        curveStyle style_;
-
-
-public:
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct as interpolation of an existing curve
-        // curve(const curve&, const label);
-
-        //- Construct from name, style and size
-        curve
-        (
-            const string& name,
-            const curveStyle& style,
-            const label l
-        );
-
-        //- Construct from the components
-        curve
-        (
-            const string&,
-            const curveStyle&,
-            const scalarField& y
-        );
-
-        autoPtr<curve> clone() const
-        {
-            return autoPtr<curve>(new curve(*this));
-        }
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            const string& name() const
-            {
-                return name_;
-            }
-
-            const curveStyle& style() const
-            {
-                return style_;
-            }
-
-
-    // Friend Functions
-
-        //- Gradient of the curve
-        // friend curve grad(const curve&);
-
-
-    // Ostream operator
-
-        friend Ostream& operator<<(Ostream&, const curve&);
-};
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-#endif
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.C
deleted file mode 100644
index f283b2e1c6..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-#include "scalar.H"
-#include "vector.H"
-#include "curveTools.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-scalar distance(const vector& p1, const vector& p2)
-{
-    return mag(p2 - p1);
-}
-
-
-bool stepForwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector& o,
-    vector& n,
-    label& i,
-    label& ip1,
-    scalar l,
-    const curve& Curve
-)
-{
-    label ip1n = ip1-1;
-    while (++ip1n < Curve.size() && distance(o, Curve[ip1n]) < l);
-    label in = ip1n - 1;
-
-    bool eoc = true;
-
-    if (ip1n < Curve.size() && in >= 0)
-    {
-        eoc = interpolate(Curve[in], Curve[ip1n], o, n, l);
-
-        i = in;
-        ip1 = ip1n;
-    }
-
-    return eoc;
-}
-
-
-bool stepBackwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector& o,
-    vector& n,
-    label& i,
-    label& ip1,
-    scalar l,
-    const curve& Curve
-)
-{
-    label ip1n = ip1+1;
-    while (--ip1n >= 0 && distance(o, Curve[ip1n]) < l);
-    label in = ip1n + 1;
-
-    bool eoc = true;
-
-    if (ip1n >= 0 && in < Curve.size())
-    {
-        eoc = interpolate(Curve[in], Curve[ip1n], o, n, l);
-
-        i = in;
-        ip1 = ip1n;
-    }
-
-    return eoc;
-}
-
-
-bool interpolate
-(
-    const vector& p1,
-    const vector& p2,
-    const vector& o,
-    vector& n,
-    scalar l
-)
-{
-    vector D = p1 - p2;
-    scalar a = magSqr(D);
-    scalar b = 2.0*(D&(p2 - o));
-    scalar c = magSqr(p2) + (o&(o - 2.0*p2)) - l*l;
-
-    scalar b2m4ac = b*b - 4.0*a*c;
-
-    if (b2m4ac >= 0.0)
-    {
-        scalar srb2m4ac = sqrt(b2m4ac);
-
-        scalar lambda = (-b - srb2m4ac)/(2.0*a);
-
-        if (lambda > 1.0+curveSmall || lambda < -curveSmall)
-        {
-            lambda = (-b + srb2m4ac)/(2.0*a);
-        }
-
-        if (lambda < 1.0+curveSmall && lambda > -curveSmall)
-        {
-            n = p2 + lambda*(p1 - p2);
-
-            return false;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
-
-
-bool XstepForwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector& o,
-    vector& n,
-    label& i,
-    label& ip1,
-    scalar l,
-    const curve& Curve
-)
-{
-    label ip1n = ip1-1;
-    while (++ip1n < Curve.size() && mag(o.x() - Curve[ip1n].x()) < l);
-    label in = ip1n - 1;
-
-    bool eoc = true;
-
-    if (ip1n < Curve.size() && in >= 0)
-    {
-        eoc = Xinterpolate(Curve[in], Curve[ip1n], o, n, l);
-
-        i = in;
-        ip1 = ip1n;
-    }
-
-    return eoc;
-}
-
-
-
-bool Xinterpolate
-(
-    const vector& p1,
-    const vector& p2,
-    const vector& o,
-    vector& n,
-    scalar l
-)
-{
-    n.x() = o.x() + l;
-
-    if (p2.x() < o.x() + l - curveSmall && p2.x() > o.x() - l + curveSmall)
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if (p2.x() < o.x() + l)
-    {
-        n.x() = o.x() - l;
-    }
-
-    vector D = p2 - p1;
-    scalar lambda = (n.x() - p1.x())/D.x();
-    n.y() = p1.y() + lambda*D.y();
-    return false;
-
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.H b/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.H
deleted file mode 100644
index 04787e4e80..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/curve/curveTools.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef curveTools_H
-#define curveTools_H
-
-#include "scalar.H"
-#include "vector.H"
-#include "curve.H"
-#include "char.H"
-#include "List.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-#define curveSmall 1.0e-8
-#define curveGreat 1.0e8
-
-typedef List<char> charList;
-typedef List<charList> charListList;
-
-
-scalar distance(const vector&, const vector&);
-
-
-bool stepForwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector&,
-    vector&,
-    label&,
-    label&,
-    scalar,
-    const curve&
-);
-
-
-bool stepBackwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector&,
-    vector&,
-    label&,
-    label&,
-    scalar,
-    const curve&
-);
-
-
-bool interpolate
-(
-    const vector&,
-    const vector&,
-    const vector&,
-    vector&,
-    scalar
-);
-
-
-bool XstepForwardsToNextPoint
-(
-    const vector&,
-    vector&,
-    label&,
-    label&,
-    scalar,
-    const curve&
-);
-
-
-bool Xinterpolate
-(
-    const vector&,
-    const vector&,
-    const vector&,
-    vector&,
-    scalar
-);
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-#endif
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 50a059821d..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "graph.H"
-#include "OFstream.H"
-#include "IOmanip.H"
-#include "Pair.H"
-#include "OSspecific.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-    typedef graph::writer graphWriter;
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(graphWriter, 0);
-    defineRunTimeSelectionTable(graphWriter, word);
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-Foam::word Foam::graph::wordify(const Foam::string& sname)
-{
-    string wname = sname;
-    wname.replace(' ', '_');
-    wname.replace('(', '_');
-    wname.replace(')', "");
-
-    return word(wname);
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::readCurves(Istream& is)
-{
-    List<xy> xyData(is);
-
-    x_.setSize(xyData.size());
-    scalarField y(xyData.size());
-
-    forAll(xyData, i)
-    {
-        x_[i] = xyData[i].x_;
-        y[i] = xyData[i].y_;
-    }
-
-    insert
-    (
-        wordify(yName_),
-        new curve(wordify(yName_), curve::curveStyle::CONTINUOUS, y)
-    );
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-Foam::graph::graph
-(
-    const string& title,
-    const string& xName,
-    const string& yName,
-    const scalarField& x
-)
-:
-    title_(title),
-    xName_(xName),
-    yName_(yName),
-    x_(x)
-{}
-
-
-Foam::graph::graph
-(
-    const string& title,
-    const string& xName,
-    const string& yName,
-    const scalarField& x,
-    const scalarField& y
-)
-:
-    title_(title),
-    xName_(xName),
-    yName_(yName),
-    x_(x)
-{
-    insert(wordify(yName), new curve(yName, curve::curveStyle::CONTINUOUS, y));
-}
-
-
-Foam::graph::graph
-(
-    const string& title,
-    const string& xName,
-    const string& yName,
-    Istream& is
-)
-:
-    title_(title),
-    xName_(xName),
-    yName_(yName)
-{
-    readCurves(is);
-}
-
-
-Foam::graph::graph(Istream& is)
-:
-    title_(is),
-    xName_(is),
-    yName_(is)
-{
-    readCurves(is);
-}
-
-
-const Foam::scalarField& Foam::graph::y() const
-{
-    if (size() != 1)
-    {
-        FatalErrorInFunction
-            << "y field requested for graph containing " << size()
-            << "ys" << exit(FatalError);
-    }
-
-    return *begin()();
-}
-
-
-Foam::scalarField& Foam::graph::y()
-{
-    if (size() != 1)
-    {
-        FatalErrorInFunction
-            << "y field requested for graph containing " << size()
-            << "ys" << exit(FatalError);
-    }
-
-    return *begin()();
-}
-
-
-Foam::autoPtr<Foam::graph::writer> Foam::graph::writer::New
-(
-    const word& graphFormat
-)
-{
-    if (!wordConstructorTablePtr_)
-    {
-        FatalErrorInFunction
-            << "Graph writer table is empty"
-            << exit(FatalError);
-    }
-
-    wordConstructorTable::iterator cstrIter =
-        wordConstructorTablePtr_->find(graphFormat);
-
-    if (cstrIter == wordConstructorTablePtr_->end())
-    {
-        FatalErrorInFunction
-            << "Unknown graph format " << graphFormat
-            << endl << endl
-            << "Valid graph formats are : " << endl
-            << wordConstructorTablePtr_->sortedToc()
-            << exit(FatalError);
-    }
-
-    return autoPtr<graph::writer>(cstrIter()());
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::writer::writeXY
-(
-    const scalarField& x,
-    const scalarField& y,
-    Ostream& os
-) const
-{
-    forAll(x, xi)
-    {
-        os << setw(10) << x[xi] << token::SPACE << setw(10) << y[xi]<< endl;
-    }
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::writeTable(Ostream& os) const
-{
-    forAll(x_, xi)
-    {
-        os  << setw(10) << x_[xi];
-
-        forAllConstIter(graph, *this, iter)
-        {
-            os  << token::SPACE << setw(10) << (*iter())[xi];
-        }
-        os  << endl;
-    }
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::write(Ostream& os, const word& format) const
-{
-    writer::New(format)().write(*this, os);
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::write(const fileName& pName, const word& format) const
-{
-    autoPtr<writer> graphWriter(writer::New(format));
-
-    OFstream graphFile(pName + '.' + graphWriter().ext());
-
-    if (graphFile.good())
-    {
-        write(graphFile, format);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        WarningInFunction
-            << "Could not open graph file " << graphFile.name()
-            << endl;
-    }
-}
-
-
-void Foam::graph::write
-(
-    const fileName& path,
-    const word& name,
-    const word& format
-) const
-{
-    mkDir(path);
-    write(path/name, format);
-}
-
-
-Foam::Ostream& Foam::operator<<(Ostream& os, const graph& g)
-{
-    g.writeTable(os);
-    os.check("Ostream& operator<<(Ostream&, const graph&)");
-    return os;
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.H b/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.H
deleted file mode 100644
index 21f9cb068e..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/graph.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-Class
-    Foam::graph
-
-Description
-    Class to create, store and output qgraph files.
-
-SourceFiles
-    graph.C
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#ifndef graph_H
-#define graph_H
-
-#include "string.H"
-#include "point.H"
-#include "HashPtrTable.H"
-#include "curve.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-// Forward declaration of friend functions and operators
-
-class graph;
-
-Ostream& operator<<(Ostream&, const graph&);
-
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                            Class graph Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-class graph
-:
-    public HashPtrTable<curve>
-{
-    // private data
-
-        string title_;
-        string xName_;
-        string yName_;
-
-        scalarField x_;
-
-
-        struct xy
-        {
-            scalar x_, y_;
-
-            xy()
-            {}
-
-        // Friend Operators
-
-            friend bool operator==(const xy& a, const xy& b)
-            {
-                return equal(a.x_, b.x_) && equal(a.y_, b.y_);
-            }
-
-            friend bool operator!=(const xy& a, const xy& b)
-            {
-                return !(a == b);
-            }
-
-            friend Istream& operator>>(Istream& is, xy& xyd)
-            {
-                is >> xyd.x_ >> xyd.y_;
-                return is;
-            }
-
-            friend Ostream& operator<<(Ostream& os, const xy& xyd)
-            {
-                os << xyd.x_ << ' ' << xyd.y_;
-                return os;
-            }
-        };
-
-
-    // Private Member Functions
-
-        void readCurves(Istream&);
-
-
-public:
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct from title and labels (no curves)
-        graph
-        (
-            const string& title,
-            const string& xName,
-            const string& yName,
-            const scalarField& x
-        );
-
-        //- Construct from title, labels and y data for 1 curve
-        graph
-        (
-            const string& title,
-            const string& xName,
-            const string& yName,
-            const scalarField& x,
-            const scalarField& y
-        );
-
-        //- Construct from Istream given title and labels
-        graph
-        (
-            const string& title,
-            const string& xName,
-            const string& yName,
-            Istream& is
-        );
-
-        //- Construct from Istream
-        graph(Istream& is);
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            const string& title() const
-            {
-                return title_;
-            }
-
-            const string& xName() const
-            {
-                return xName_;
-            }
-
-            const string& yName() const
-            {
-                return yName_;
-            }
-
-
-            const scalarField& x() const
-            {
-                return x_;
-            }
-
-            scalarField& x()
-            {
-                return x_;
-            }
-
-
-            const scalarField& y() const;
-
-            scalarField& y();
-
-
-        // Write
-
-            //- Abstract base class for a graph writer
-            class writer
-            {
-
-            protected:
-
-                void writeXY
-                (
-                    const scalarField& x,
-                    const scalarField& y,
-                    Ostream&
-                ) const;
-
-            public:
-
-                //- Runtime type information
-                TypeName("writer");
-
-                //- Declare run-time constructor selection table
-                declareRunTimeSelectionTable
-                (
-                    autoPtr,
-                    writer,
-                    word,
-                    (),
-                    ()
-                );
-
-
-                // Selectors
-
-                    //- Return a reference to the selected writer
-                    static autoPtr<writer> New
-                    (
-                        const word& writeFormat
-                    );
-
-
-                // Constructors
-
-                    //- Construct null
-                    writer()
-                    {}
-
-
-                //- Destructor
-                virtual ~writer()
-                {}
-
-
-                // Member Functions
-
-                    // Access
-
-                        //- Return the appropriate fileName extension
-                        //  for this graph format
-                        virtual const word& ext() const = 0;
-
-
-                    // Write
-
-                        //- Write graph in appropriate format
-                        virtual void write(const graph&, Ostream&) const = 0;
-            };
-
-            //- Write out graph data as a simple table
-            void writeTable(Ostream&) const;
-
-            //- Write graph to stream in given format
-            void write(Ostream&, const word& format) const;
-
-            //- Write graph to file in given path-name and format
-            void write(const fileName& pName, const word& format) const;
-
-            //- Write graph to file in given path, name and format
-            void write
-            (
-                const fileName& path,
-                const word& name,
-                const word& format
-            ) const;
-
-            //- Helper function to convert string name into appropriate word
-            static word wordify(const string& sname);
-
-
-    // Friend operators
-
-        //- Ostream Operator
-        friend Ostream& operator<<(Ostream&, const graph&);
-};
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-#endif
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fb7770322..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "gnuplotGraph.H"
-#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(gnuplotGraph, 0);
-    const word gnuplotGraph::ext_("gplt");
-
-    typedef graph::writer graphWriter;
-    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(graphWriter, gnuplotGraph, word);
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-void Foam::gnuplotGraph::write(const graph& g, Ostream& os) const
-{
-    os  << "set term postscript color" << nl
-        << "set output \"" << word(g.title()) << ".ps\"" << nl
-        << "set title " << g.title() << " offset 0,0" << nl
-        << "show title" << nl
-        << "set xlabel " << g.xName() << " offset 0,0" << nl
-        << "show xlabel" << nl
-        << "set ylabel " << g.yName() << " offset 0,0" << nl
-        << "show ylabel" << nl
-        << "plot";
-
-    bool firstField = true;
-
-    forAllConstIter(graph, g, iter)
-    {
-        if (!firstField)
-        {
-            os << ',';
-        }
-        firstField = false;
-
-        os  << "'-' title " << iter()->name() << " with lines";
-    }
-    os << "; pause -1" << nl;
-
-
-    forAllConstIter(graph, g, iter)
-    {
-        os  << nl;
-        writeXY(g.x(), *iter(), os);
-    }
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.H b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.H
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c2df43775..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/gnuplotGraph/gnuplotGraph.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-Class
-    Foam::gnuplotGraph
-
-Description
-    Output in gnuplot (http://www.gnuplot.info) format
-
-SourceFiles
-    gnuplotGraph.C
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#ifndef gnuplotGraph_H
-#define gnuplotGraph_H
-
-#include "graph.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                        Class gnuplotGraph Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-class gnuplotGraph
-:
-    public graph::writer
-{
-
-public:
-
-    //- Runtime type information
-    TypeName("gnuplot");
-
-    //- FileName extension  for this graph format
-    static const word ext_;
-
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct null
-        gnuplotGraph()
-        {}
-
-
-    //- Destructor
-    ~gnuplotGraph()
-    {}
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            //- Return the appropriate fileName extension
-            //  for this graph format
-            const word& ext() const
-            {
-                return ext_;
-            }
-
-
-        // Write
-
-            void write(const graph&, Ostream& os) const;
-};
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-#endif
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 31a2df0786..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/jplotGraph/jplotGraph.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "jplotGraph.H"
-#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(jplotGraph, 0);
-    const word jplotGraph::ext_("dat");
-
-    typedef graph::writer graphWriter;
-    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(graphWriter, jplotGraph, word);
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-void Foam::jplotGraph::write(const graph& g, Ostream& os) const
-{
-    os  << "# JPlot file" << nl
-        << "# column 1: " << g.xName() << endl;
-
-    label fieldi = 0;
-
-    forAllConstIter(graph, g, iter)
-    {
-        os  << "# column " << fieldi + 2 << ": " << (*iter()).name() << endl;
-        fieldi++;
-    }
-
-    g.writeTable(os);
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 4475c26993..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/rawGraph/rawGraph.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "rawGraph.H"
-#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(rawGraph, 0);
-    const word rawGraph::ext_("xy");
-
-    typedef graph::writer graphWriter;
-    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(graphWriter, rawGraph, word);
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-void Foam::rawGraph::write(const graph& g, Ostream& os) const
-{
-    g.writeTable(os);
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.C b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.C
deleted file mode 100644
index 2829c3e8d9..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.C
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#include "xmgrGraph.H"
-#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(xmgrGraph, 0);
-    const word xmgrGraph::ext_("agr");
-
-    typedef graph::writer graphWriter;
-    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(graphWriter, xmgrGraph, word);
-}
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-void Foam::xmgrGraph::write(const graph& g, Ostream& os) const
-{
-    os  << "@title " << g.title() << nl
-        << "@xaxis label " << g.xName() << nl
-        << "@yaxis label " << g.yName() << endl;
-
-    label fieldi = 0;
-
-    forAllConstIter(graph, g, iter)
-    {
-        os  << "@s" << fieldi << " legend "
-            << iter()->name() << nl
-            << "@target G0.S" << fieldi << nl
-            << "@type xy" << endl;
-
-        writeXY(g.x(), *iter(), os);
-
-        os << endl;
-
-        fieldi++;
-    }
-}
-
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.H b/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.H
deleted file mode 100644
index ca29b39b96..0000000000
--- a/src/randomProcesses/graph/writers/xmgrGraph/xmgrGraph.H
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-  =========                 |
-  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
-   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2021 OpenFOAM Foundation
-     \\/     M anipulation  |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-License
-    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
-
-    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-    for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-Class
-    Foam::xmgrGraph
-
-Description
-    Output and \b agr file for \em xmgrace
-    (http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/Grace/)
-
-SourceFiles
-    xmgrGraph.C
-
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-#ifndef xmgrGraph_H
-#define xmgrGraph_H
-
-#include "graph.H"
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-namespace Foam
-{
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
-                          Class xmgrGraph Declaration
-\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-class xmgrGraph
-:
-    public graph::writer
-{
-
-public:
-
-    //- Runtime type information
-    TypeName("xmgr");
-
-    //- FileName extension  for this graph format
-    static const word ext_;
-
-
-    // Constructors
-
-        //- Construct null
-        xmgrGraph()
-        {}
-
-
-    //- Destructor
-    ~xmgrGraph()
-    {}
-
-
-    // Member Functions
-
-        // Access
-
-            //- Return the appropriate fileName extension
-            //  for this graph format
-            const word& ext() const
-            {
-                return ext_;
-            }
-
-
-        // Write
-
-            void write(const graph&, Ostream& os) const;
-};
-
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-} // End namespace Foam
-
-// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
-
-#endif
-
-// ************************************************************************* //
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.C b/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.C
index 4ef40fe314..f73815a9f7 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.C
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Foam::noiseFFT::noiseFFT(const fileName& pFileName, const label skip)
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::pt() const
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::pt() const
 {
     scalarField t(size());
     forAll(t, i)
@@ -110,14 +110,7 @@ Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::pt() const
         t[i] = i*deltat_;
     }
 
-    return graph
-    (
-        "p(t)",
-        "t [s]",
-        "p(t) [Pa]",
-        t,
-        *this
-    );
+    return Pair<scalarField>(t, *this);
 }
 
 
@@ -202,7 +195,7 @@ Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::Pf
 }
 
 
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::meanPf
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::meanPf
 (
     const label N,
     const label nw
@@ -237,18 +230,11 @@ Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::meanPf
         f[i] = i*deltaf;
     }
 
-    return graph
-    (
-        "P(f)",
-        "f [Hz]",
-        "P(f) [Pa]",
-        f,
-        MeanPf
-    );
+    return Pair<scalarField>(f, MeanPf);
 }
 
 
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::RMSmeanPf
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::RMSmeanPf
 (
     const label N,
     const label nw
@@ -283,39 +269,28 @@ Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::RMSmeanPf
         f[i] = i*deltaf;
     }
 
-    return graph
-    (
-        "P(f)",
-        "f [Hz]",
-        "P(f) [Pa]",
-        f,
-        RMSMeanPf
-    );
+    return Pair<scalarField>(f, RMSMeanPf);
 }
 
 
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::Lf(const graph& gPf) const
-{
-    return graph
-    (
-        "L(f)",
-        "f [Hz]",
-        "L(f) [dB]",
-        gPf.x(),
-        20*log10(gPf.y()/p0)
-    );
-}
-
-
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::Ldelta
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::Lf
 (
-    const graph& gLf,
+    const Pair<scalarField>& gPf
+) const
+{
+    return Pair<scalarField>(gPf.first(), 20*log10(gPf.second()/p0));
+}
+
+
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::Ldelta
+(
+    const Pair<scalarField>& gLf,
     const scalar f1,
     const scalar fU
 ) const
 {
-    const scalarField& f = gLf.x();
-    const scalarField& Lf = gLf.y();
+    const scalarField& f = gLf.first();
+    const scalarField& Lf = gLf.second();
 
     scalarField ldelta(Lf.size(), 0.0);
     scalarField fm(ldelta.size());
@@ -352,26 +327,19 @@ Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::Ldelta
     fm.setSize(j);
     ldelta.setSize(j);
 
-    return graph
-    (
-        "Ldelta",
-        "fm [Hz]",
-        "Ldelta [dB]",
-        fm,
-        ldelta
-    );
+    return Pair<scalarField>(fm, ldelta);
 }
 
 
-Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::Pdelta
+Foam::Pair<Foam::scalarField> Foam::noiseFFT::Pdelta
 (
-    const graph& gPf,
+    const Pair<scalarField>& gPf,
     const scalar f1,
     const scalar fU
 ) const
 {
-    const scalarField& f = gPf.x();
-    const scalarField& Pf = gPf.y();
+    const scalarField& f = gPf.first();
+    const scalarField& Pf = gPf.second();
 
     scalarField pdelta(Pf.size(), 0.0);
     scalarField fm(pdelta.size());
@@ -408,20 +376,13 @@ Foam::graph Foam::noiseFFT::Pdelta
     fm.setSize(j);
     pdelta.setSize(j);
 
-    return graph
-    (
-        "Pdelta",
-        "fm [Hz]",
-        "Pdelta [dB]",
-        fm,
-        pdelta
-    );
+    return Pair<scalarField>(fm, pdelta);
 }
 
 
-Foam::scalar Foam::noiseFFT::Lsum(const graph& gLf) const
+Foam::scalar Foam::noiseFFT::Lsum(const Pair<Foam::scalarField>& gLf) const
 {
-    const scalarField& Lf = gLf.y();
+    const scalarField& Lf = gLf.second();
 
     scalar lsum = 0.0;
 
diff --git a/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.H b/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.H
index 4bf4f887f4..ce5cb498d2 100644
--- a/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.H
+++ b/src/randomProcesses/noise/noiseFFT.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2020 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ SourceFiles
 #define noiseFFT_H
 
 #include "scalarField.H"
-#include "graph.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
@@ -81,8 +80,8 @@ public:
 
     // Member Functions
 
-        //- Return the graph of p(t)
-        graph pt() const;
+        //- Return p(t)
+        Pair<scalarField> pt() const;
 
         //- Return the nth window
         tmp<scalarField> window(const label N, const label n) const;
@@ -94,24 +93,34 @@ public:
         tmp<scalarField> Pf(const tmp<scalarField>& pn) const;
 
         //- Return the multi-window mean fft of the complete pressure data
-        graph meanPf(const label N, const label nw) const;
+        Pair<scalarField> meanPf(const label N, const label nw) const;
 
         //- Return the multi-window RMS mean fft of the complete pressure data
-        graph RMSmeanPf(const label N, const label nw) const;
+        Pair<scalarField> RMSmeanPf(const label N, const label nw) const;
 
         //- Return the narrow-band PFL (pressure-fluctuation level) spectrum
-        graph Lf(const graph& gPf) const;
+        Pair<scalarField> Lf(const Pair<scalarField>& gPf) const;
 
         //- Return the one-third-octave-band PFL spectrum
         //  starting at octave with mean frequency f1
-        graph Ldelta(const graph& gLf, const scalar f1, const scalar fU) const;
+        Pair<scalarField> Ldelta
+        (
+            const Pair<scalarField>& gLf,
+            const scalar f1,
+            const scalar fU
+        ) const;
 
         //- Return the one-third-octave-band pressure spectrum
         //  starting at octave with mean frequency f1
-        graph Pdelta(const graph& gLf, const scalar f1, const scalar fU) const;
+        Pair<scalarField> Pdelta
+        (
+            const Pair<scalarField>& gLf,
+            const scalar f1,
+            const scalar fU
+        ) const;
 
         //- Return the total PFL as the sum of Lf over all frequencies
-        scalar Lsum(const graph& gLf) const;
+        scalar Lsum(const Pair<scalarField>& gLf) const;
 
         //- Convert the db into Pa
         scalar dbToPa(const scalar db) const;
diff --git a/src/sampling/probes/probes.C b/src/sampling/probes/probes.C
index 4051a30a3d..e1ede29508 100644
--- a/src/sampling/probes/probes.C
+++ b/src/sampling/probes/probes.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Foam::probes::probes
     const dictionary& dict
 )
 :
-    functionObject(name),
+    functionObject(name, t),
     pointField(0),
     mesh_
     (
diff --git a/src/sampling/sampledSet/sampledSets/sampledSets.C b/src/sampling/sampledSet/sampledSets/sampledSets.C
index dc164a5212..c94aa7c903 100644
--- a/src/sampling/sampledSet/sampledSets/sampledSets.C
+++ b/src/sampling/sampledSet/sampledSets/sampledSets.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2023 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -145,7 +145,10 @@ bool Foam::functionObjects::sampledSets::read(const dictionary& dict)
 
         dict.lookup("interpolationScheme") >> interpolationScheme_;
 
-        const word writeType(dict.lookup("setFormat"));
+        const word writeType
+        (
+            dict.lookupOrDefault("setFormat", time_.graphFormat())
+        );
 
         // Define the set formatter
         formatter_ = setWriter::New(writeType, dict);