diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/ParticleCollector/ParticleCollector.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/ParticleCollector/ParticleCollector.C
index 87284a4e28..e4b4f54867 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/ParticleCollector/ParticleCollector.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/CloudFunctionObjects/ParticleCollector/ParticleCollector.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2012-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2012-2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -173,20 +173,7 @@ void Foam::ParticleCollector<CloudType>::initConcentricCircles()
     {
         // Set 4 quadrants for single sector cases
         nS = 4;
-
-        vector tangent = Zero;
-        scalar magTangent = 0.0;
-
-        Random rnd(1234);
-        while (magTangent < small)
-        {
-            vector v = rnd.sample01<vector>();
-
-            tangent = v - (v & normal_[0])*normal_[0];
-            magTangent = mag(tangent);
-        }
-
-        refDir = tangent/magTangent;
+        refDir = normalised(perpendicular(normal_[0]));
     }
 
     scalar dTheta = 5.0;
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.C b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.C
index 9d80457c48..8d851929d3 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.C
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.C
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -83,26 +83,6 @@ Foam::word Foam::ThermoSurfaceFilm<CloudType>::interactionTypeStr
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-template<class CloudType>
-Foam::vector Foam::ThermoSurfaceFilm<CloudType>::tangentVector
-(
-    const vector& v
-) const
-{
-    vector tangent = Zero;
-    scalar magTangent = 0.0;
-
-    while (magTangent < small)
-    {
-        vector vTest = rndGen_.sample01<vector>();
-        tangent = vTest - (vTest & v)*v;
-        magTangent = mag(tangent);
-    }
-
-    return tangent/magTangent;
-}
-
-
 template<class CloudType>
 Foam::vector Foam::ThermoSurfaceFilm<CloudType>::splashDirection
 (
@@ -358,7 +338,7 @@ void Foam::ThermoSurfaceFilm<CloudType>::splashInteraction
     const vector& nf = pp.faceNormals()[facei];
 
     // Determine direction vectors tangential to patch normal
-    const vector tanVec1 = tangentVector(nf);
+    const vector tanVec1 = normalised(perpendicular(nf));
     const vector tanVec2 = nf^tanVec1;
 
     // Retrieve parcel properties
diff --git a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.H b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.H
index 168e0a75ed..f54fc1e884 100644
--- a/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.H
+++ b/src/lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm/ThermoSurfaceFilm.H
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2018 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -151,9 +151,6 @@ protected:
 
     // Protected Member Functions
 
-        //- Return a vector tangential to input vector, v
-        vector tangentVector(const vector& v) const;
-
         //- Return splashed parcel direction
         vector splashDirection
         (