ENH: Added new bladeForces function object

Calculates thrust, drag, torque and lift/drag/pressure coefficients
of single or multiple blades (eg, propeller, turbine blades)

This function object differs from the propellerInfo and forces
function objects in that all forces are calculated within the local
cylindrical coordinate system, which yields thrust and drag values
within the expected reference frame.

The output comprises:
- coefficients per radial bin
- area-weighted total coefficients
- integrated forces and torque

For convenient post-processing, the results are also written in a VTK
(.vtp) output format. All surface results are registered internally,
which makes them available for other function objects.

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/0.orig/U

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volVectorField;
+    object      U;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform (0 0 0);
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    #includeEtc "caseDicts/setConstraintTypes"
+
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (-5 0 0);
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        inletValue      uniform (0 0 0);
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    outerCylinder
+    {
+        type            noSlip;
+    }
+
+    wall
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    "propeller.*"
+    {
+        type            movingWallVelocity;
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/0.orig/epsilon

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      epsilon;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0.0495;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    #includeEtc "caseDicts/setConstraintTypes"
+
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        inletValue      $internalField;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    wall
+    {
+        type            epsilonWallFunction;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/0.orig/k

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      k;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0.06;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    #includeEtc "caseDicts/setConstraintTypes"
+
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        inletValue      $internalField;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    wall
+    {
+        type            kqRWallFunction;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/0.orig/nut

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      nut;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    #includeEtc "caseDicts/setConstraintTypes"
+
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           uniform 0;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           uniform 0;
+    }
+
+    wall
+    {
+        type            nutkWallFunction;
+        value           uniform 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/0.orig/p

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      p;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    #includeEtc "caseDicts/setConstraintTypes"
+
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform 0;
+    }
+
+    wall
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/Allclean

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+cd "${0%/*}" || exit                                # Run from this directory
+. ${WM_PROJECT_DIR:?}/bin/tools/CleanFunctions      # Tutorial clean functions
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+cleanCase0
+
+# Remove surfaces and features
+rm -rf constant/triSurface
+rm -rf constant/extendedFeatureEdgeMesh
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/Allrun

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+cd "${0%/*}" || exit                                # Run from this directory
+. ${WM_PROJECT_DIR:?}/bin/tools/RunFunctions        # Tutorial run functions
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if notTest "$@"
+then
+
+    ./Allrun.pre
+
+    # Already decomposed:
+    restore0Dir -processor
+
+    # Already decomposed:
+    ## runApplication decomposePar
+
+    runParallel $(getApplication)
+
+    runApplication reconstructPar
+fi
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/Allrun.post

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+cd "${0%/*}" || exit                                # Run from this directory
+. ${WM_PROJECT_DIR:?}/bin/tools/RunFunctions        # Tutorial run functions
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if notTest "$@"
+then
+
+    runParallel -o -s postpro $(getApplication) -postProcess -latestTime
+
+fi
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/Allrun.pre

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+cd "${0%/*}" || exit                                # Run from this directory
+. ${WM_PROJECT_DIR:?}/bin/tools/RunFunctions        # Tutorial run functions
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Copy propeller surface from resources directory
+cp -rf \
+    "$FOAM_TUTORIALS"/resources/geometry/propeller1 \
+    constant/triSurface
+
+runApplication surfaceBooleanFeatures intersection propeller.obj hub.obj
+
+runApplication blockMesh
+
+runApplication surfaceFeatureExtract
+
+runApplication decomposePar
+
+runParallel snappyHexMesh -overwrite
+
+runParallel checkMesh
+
+runParallel renumberMesh -overwrite
+
+# Force removal of fields generated by snappy
+rm -rf 0
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/constant/dynamicMeshDict

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      dynamicMeshDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+// dynamicFvMesh   dynamicMotionSolverFvMesh;
+dynamicFvMesh   staticFvMesh;
+
+motionSolverLibs (fvMotionSolvers);
+
+motionSolver    solidBody;
+
+cellZone        innerCylinderSmall;
+
+solidBodyMotionFunction  rotatingMotion;
+
+origin      (0 0 0);
+axis        (1 0 0);
+
+omega       -158;  // rad/s (negative since it is a left-hand propeller)
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/constant/transportProperties

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      transportProperties;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+transportModel  Newtonian;
+
+nu              1e-6;
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/constant/turbulenceProperties

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      turbulenceProperties;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+simulationType      RAS;
+
+RAS
+{
+    RASModel        kEpsilon;
+
+    turbulence      on;
+
+    printCoeffs     on;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/bladeForces

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+// Common settings
+_bladeForces
+{
+    type    bladeForces;
+    libs    (forces);
+
+    writeControl    timeStep;
+    writeInterval   1;
+
+    writeFields     true;
+    fieldsInteval   1;
+
+    // All blades
+    patches     ("propeller.*");
+
+    // Base name for output
+    outputName  blades;
+    lefthand    true;       // left-hand blade
+
+    rho         rhoInf;     // Indicates incompressible
+    log         true;
+    rhoInf      1;          // Redundant for compressible
+
+    origin      (0 0 0);    // Rotation around centre line
+    axis        (1 0 0);
+
+    radius      0.5;        // Reference radius size
+    nRadial     10;         // Number of radial bins
+
+    n           25;         // rotation speed [rev/sec]
+    Uref        5;          // axial speed    [m/s]
+    pRef        0;
+
+    nearCellValue   true;   // extrapolate cell value
+    // geometricVelocity true;
+}
+
+
+blade0
+{
+    ${../_bladeForces};
+
+    // Single blade
+    patches     ("propeller.*blade0");
+    outputName  blade0;
+}
+
+
+blade1
+{
+    ${../_bladeForces};
+
+    // Single blade
+    patches     ("propeller.*blade1");
+    outputName  blade1;
+}
+
+blade2
+{
+    ${../blade0};
+
+    // Single blade
+    patches     ("propeller.*blade2");
+    outputName  blade2;
+}
+
+
+blade3
+{
+    ${../blade0};
+
+    // Single blade
+    patches     ("propeller.*blade3");
+    outputName  blade3;
+}
+
+// Cleanup
+#remove _bladeForces
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/blockMeshDict

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      blockMeshDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+scale   1;
+
+x_min -1;
+x_max  2;
+y_min -1;
+y_max  1;
+z_min -1;
+z_max  1;
+
+xdim  0.05;
+ydim  0.05;
+zdim  0.05;
+
+nx #eval #{ round(($x_max - $x_min) / $xdim) #};
+ny #eval #{ round(($y_max - $y_min) / $ydim) #};
+nz #eval #{ round(($z_max - $z_min) / $zdim) #};
+
+vertices
+(
+    ($x_min $y_min $z_min)  // 0
+    ($x_max $y_min $z_min)  // 1
+    ($x_max $y_max $z_min)  // 2
+    ($x_min $y_max $z_min)  // 3
+    ($x_min $y_min $z_max)  // 4
+    ($x_max $y_min $z_max)  // 5
+    ($x_max $y_max $z_max)  // 6
+    ($x_min $y_max $z_max)  // 7
+);
+
+blocks
+(
+    hex (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7) ($nx $ny $nz) grading (1 1 1)
+);
+
+edges
+(
+);
+
+boundary
+(
+    walls
+    {
+        type wall;
+        faces
+        (
+            (0 2)  // y-min
+            (0 3)  // y-max
+            (0 4)  // z-min
+            (0 5)  // z-max
+        );
+    }
+    inlet
+    {
+        type patch;
+        faces
+        (
+            (0 1)  // x-max
+        );
+    }
+    outlet
+    {
+        type patch;
+        faces
+        (
+            (0 0)  // x-min
+        );
+    }
+);
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/controlDict

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2312                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      controlDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+application     pimpleFoam;
+
+startFrom       startTime;
+
+startTime       0;
+
+stopAt          endTime;
+
+endTime         0.1;
+
+deltaT          1e-5;
+
+writeControl    adjustable;
+
+writeInterval   0.001;
+
+purgeWrite      0;
+
+writeFormat     binary;
+
+writePrecision  6;
+
+writeCompression off;
+
+timeFormat      general;
+
+timePrecision   6;
+
+runTimeModifiable true;
+
+adjustTimeStep  yes;
+
+maxCo           2;
+
+startFrom       latestTime;
+
+functions
+{
+    // #includeFunc Q
+
+    #include "bladeForces"
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/decomposeParDict

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2312                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      decomposeParDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+numberOfSubdomains 32;
+
+method          hierarchical;
+
+coeffs
+{
+    n           (4 4 2);
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/fvSchemes

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2312                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      fvSchemes;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+ddtSchemes
+{
+    default         Euler;
+}
+
+gradSchemes
+{
+    default         Gauss linear;
+    grad(p)         Gauss linear;
+    grad(U)         cellLimited Gauss linear 1;
+}
+
+divSchemes
+{
+    default         none;
+
+    div(phi,U)      Gauss linearUpwind grad(U);
+
+    turbulence      Gauss upwind;
+    div(phi,k)      $turbulence;
+    div(phi,epsilon) $turbulence;
+
+    div((nuEff*dev2(T(grad(U))))) Gauss linear;
+}
+
+laplacianSchemes
+{
+    default         Gauss linear limited corrected 0.33;
+}
+
+interpolationSchemes
+{
+    default         linear;
+}
+
+snGradSchemes
+{
+    default         limited corrected 0.33;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/fvSolution

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2312                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      fvSolution;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+solvers
+{
+    "pcorr.*"
+    {
+        solver          GAMG;
+        tolerance       1e-2;
+        relTol          0;
+        smoother        DICGaussSeidel;
+        cacheAgglomeration no;
+        maxIter         50;
+    }
+
+    p
+    {
+        $pcorr;
+        tolerance       1e-5;
+        relTol          0.01;
+    }
+
+    pFinal
+    {
+        $p;
+        tolerance       1e-6;
+        relTol          0;
+    }
+
+    "(U|k|epsilon)"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-6;
+        relTol          0.1;
+    }
+
+    "(U|k|epsilon)Final"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-6;
+        relTol          0;
+    }
+}
+
+PIMPLE
+{
+    correctPhi          no;
+    nOuterCorrectors    2;
+    nCorrectors         1;
+    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;
+}
+
+relaxationFactors
+{
+    "(U|k|epsilon).*"   1;
+}
+
+cache
+{
+    grad(U);
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/snappyHexMeshDict

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      snappyHexMeshDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+// Which of the steps to run
+castellatedMesh true;
+snap            true;
+addLayers       false;
+
+
+// Geometry. Definition of all surfaces. All surfaces are of class
+// searchableSurface.
+// Surfaces are used
+// - to specify refinement for any mesh cell intersecting it
+// - to specify refinement for any mesh cell inside/outside/near
+// - to 'snap' the mesh boundary to the surface
+geometry
+{
+    hub.obj
+    {
+        type        triSurfaceMesh;
+        name        hub;
+        regions
+        {
+            stdHub_1p5      { name    stdHub_1p5; }
+        }
+    }
+    transmission.obj
+    {
+        type        triSurfaceMesh;
+        name        transmission;
+        regions
+        {
+            STI_YEH_Index-0 { name    STI_YEH_Index-0; }
+        }
+    }
+    propeller.obj
+    {
+        type        triSurfaceMesh;
+        name        propeller;
+        regions
+        {
+            propeller_SS_blade3         { name propeller_SS_blade3; }
+            propeller_SS_LE_blade3      { name propeller_SS_LE_blade3; }
+            propeller_SS_TE_blade3      { name propeller_SS_TE_blade3; }
+            propeller_PS_blade3         { name propeller_PS_blade3; }
+            propeller_PS_LE_blade3      { name propeller_PS_LE_blade3; }
+            propeller_PS_TE_blade3      { name propeller_PS_TE_blade3; }
+            propeller_tip_blade3        { name propeller_tip_blade3; }
+            propeller_tip_LE_blade3     { name propeller_tip_LE_blade3; }
+            propeller_tip_TE_blade3     { name propeller_tip_TE_blade3; }
+            propeller_root_blade3       { name propeller_root_blade3; }
+            propeller_root_LE_blade3    { name propeller_root_LE_blade3; }
+            propeller_root_TE_blade3    { name propeller_root_TE_blade3; }
+            propeller_SS_blade2         { name propeller_SS_blade2; }
+            propeller_SS_LE_blade2      { name propeller_SS_LE_blade2; }
+            propeller_SS_TE_blade2      { name propeller_SS_TE_blade2; }
+            propeller_PS_blade2         { name propeller_PS_blade2; }
+            propeller_PS_LE_blade2      { name propeller_PS_LE_blade2; }
+            propeller_PS_TE_blade2      { name propeller_PS_TE_blade2; }
+            propeller_tip_blade2        { name propeller_tip_blade2; }
+            propeller_tip_LE_blade2     { name propeller_tip_LE_blade2; }
+            propeller_tip_TE_blade2     { name propeller_tip_TE_blade2; }
+            propeller_root_blade2       { name propeller_root_blade2; }
+            propeller_root_LE_blade2    { name propeller_root_LE_blade2; }
+            propeller_root_TE_blade2    { name propeller_root_TE_blade2; }
+            propeller_SS_blade1         { name propeller_SS_blade1; }
+            propeller_SS_LE_blade1      { name propeller_SS_LE_blade1; }
+            propeller_SS_TE_blade1      { name propeller_SS_TE_blade1; }
+            propeller_PS_blade1         { name propeller_PS_blade1; }
+            propeller_PS_LE_blade1      { name propeller_PS_LE_blade1; }
+            propeller_PS_TE_blade1      { name propeller_PS_TE_blade1; }
+            propeller_tip_blade1        { name propeller_tip_blade1; }
+            propeller_tip_LE_blade1     { name propeller_tip_LE_blade1; }
+            propeller_tip_TE_blade1     { name propeller_tip_TE_blade1; }
+            propeller_root_blade1       { name propeller_root_blade1; }
+            propeller_root_LE_blade1    { name propeller_root_LE_blade1; }
+            propeller_root_TE_blade1    { name propeller_root_TE_blade1; }
+            propeller_SS_blade0         { name propeller_SS_blade0; }
+            propeller_SS_LE_blade0      { name propeller_SS_LE_blade0; }
+            propeller_SS_TE_blade0      { name propeller_SS_TE_blade0; }
+            propeller_PS_blade0         { name propeller_PS_blade0; }
+            propeller_PS_LE_blade0      { name propeller_PS_LE_blade0; }
+            propeller_PS_TE_blade0      { name propeller_PS_TE_blade0; }
+            propeller_tip_blade0        { name propeller_tip_blade0; }
+            propeller_tip_LE_blade0     { name propeller_tip_LE_blade0; }
+            propeller_tip_TE_blade0     { name propeller_tip_TE_blade0; }
+            propeller_root_blade0       { name propeller_root_blade0; }
+            propeller_root_LE_blade0    { name propeller_root_LE_blade0; }
+            propeller_root_TE_blade0    { name propeller_root_TE_blade0; }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+// Settings for the castellatedMesh generation.
+castellatedMeshControls
+{
+
+    // Refinement parameters
+    // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    // If local number of cells is >= maxLocalCells on any processor
+    // switches from from refinement followed by balancing
+    // (current method) to (weighted) balancing before refinement.
+    maxLocalCells 10000000;
+
+    // Overall cell limit (approximately). Refinement will stop immediately
+    // upon reaching this number so a refinement level might not complete.
+    // Note that this is the number of cells before removing the part which
+    // is not 'visible' from the keepPoint. The final number of cells might
+    // actually be a lot less.
+    maxGlobalCells 200000000;
+
+    // The surface refinement loop might spend lots of iterations refining just a
+    // few cells. This setting will cause refinement to stop if <= minimumRefine
+    // are selected for refinement. Note: it will at least do one iteration
+    // (unless the number of cells to refine is 0)
+    minRefinementCells 0;
+
+    // Allow a certain level of imbalance during refining
+    // (since balancing is quite expensive)
+    // Expressed as fraction of perfect balance (= overall number of cells /
+    // nProcs). 0=balance always.
+    maxLoadUnbalance 0.10;
+
+
+    // Number of buffer layers between different levels.
+    // 1 means normal 2:1 refinement restriction, larger means slower
+    // refinement.
+    nCellsBetweenLevels 3;
+
+
+
+    // Explicit feature edge refinement
+    // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    // Specifies a level for any cell intersected by its edges.
+    // This is a featureEdgeMesh, read from constant/triSurface for now.
+    features
+    (
+//        {
+//            file        "innerCylinderSmall.eMesh";
+//            level       4;
+//        }
+//        {
+//            file        "outerCylinder.eMesh";
+//            level       0;
+//        }
+        {
+            file        "hub.eMesh";
+            level       0;
+        }
+        {
+            file        "transmission.eMesh";
+            level       0;
+        }
+        {
+            file        "propeller.eMesh";
+            level       0;
+        }
+        {
+            file        "propeller_hub_intersection.eMesh";
+            level       0;
+        }
+    );
+
+
+
+    // Surface based refinement
+    // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    // Specifies two levels for every surface. The first is the minimum level,
+    // every cell intersecting a surface gets refined up to the minimum level.
+    // The second level is the maximum level. Cells that 'see' multiple
+    // intersections where the intersections make an
+    // angle > resolveFeatureAngle get refined up to the maximum level.
+
+    refinementSurfaces
+    {
+//        innerCylinderSmall
+//        {
+//            level       (4 4);
+//
+//            faceType    boundary;
+//            cellZone    innerCylinderSmall;
+//            faceZone    innerCylinderSmall;
+//            cellZoneInside  inside;
+//        }
+//        outerCylinder
+//        {
+//            level       (0 0);
+//        }
+        hub
+        {
+            level       (4 4);
+        }
+        transmission
+        {
+            level       (4 4);
+        }
+        propeller
+        {
+            level       (4 4);
+            // regions
+            // {
+            //     ".*_LE_.*" { level (6 7); }
+            //     ".*_TE_.*" { level (6 7); }
+            // }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Resolve sharp angles
+    resolveFeatureAngle 30;
+
+
+    // Region-wise refinement
+    // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    // Specifies refinement level for cells in relation to a surface. One of
+    // three modes
+    // - distance. 'levels' specifies per distance to the surface the
+    //   wanted refinement level. The distances need to be specified in
+    //   descending order.
+    // - inside. 'levels' is only one entry and only the level is used. All
+    //   cells inside the surface get refined up to the level. The surface
+    //   needs to be closed for this to be possible.
+    // - outside. Same but cells outside.
+
+    refinementRegions
+    {
+//        innerCylinder
+//        {
+//            mode        inside;
+//            levels      ((1E15 3));
+//        }
+//        innerCylinderSmall
+//        {
+//            mode        inside;
+//            levels      ((1E15 4));
+//        }
+    }
+
+
+    // Mesh selection
+    // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    // After refinement patches get added for all refinementSurfaces and
+    // all cells intersecting the surfaces get put into these patches. The
+    // section reachable from the locationInMesh is kept.
+    // NOTE: This point should never be on a face, always inside a cell, even
+    // after refinement.
+    locationInMesh (0.01 -0.5 0.01);
+
+
+    // Whether any faceZones (as specified in the refinementSurfaces)
+    // are only on the boundary of corresponding cellZones or also allow
+    // free-standing zone faces. Not used if there are no faceZones.
+    allowFreeStandingZoneFaces false;
+}
+
+
+
+// Settings for the snapping.
+snapControls
+{
+    //- Number of patch smoothing iterations before finding correspondence
+    //  to surface
+    nSmoothPatch 3;
+
+    //- Relative distance for points to be attracted by surface feature point
+    //  or edge. True distance is this factor times local
+    //  maximum edge length.
+    tolerance 1.0;
+
+    //- Number of mesh displacement relaxation iterations.
+    nSolveIter 300;
+
+    //- Maximum number of snapping relaxation iterations. Should stop
+    //  before upon reaching a correct mesh.
+    nRelaxIter 5;
+
+    // Feature snapping
+
+        // Number of feature edge snapping iterations.
+        // Leave out altogether to disable.
+        nFeatureSnapIter 10;
+
+        // Detect (geometric only) features by sampling the surface
+        // (default=false).
+        implicitFeatureSnap true;
+
+        // Use castellatedMeshControls::features (default = true)
+        explicitFeatureSnap false;
+
+        // Detect features between multiple surfaces
+        // (only for explicitFeatureSnap, default = false)
+        multiRegionFeatureSnap true;
+}
+
+
+
+// Settings for the layer addition.
+addLayersControls
+{
+    // Are the thickness parameters below relative to the undistorted
+    // size of the refined cell outside layer (true) or absolute sizes (false).
+    relativeSizes true;
+
+    // Per final patch (so not geometry!) the layer information
+    layers
+    {
+    }
+
+    // Expansion factor for layer mesh
+    expansionRatio 1.0;
+
+    // Wanted thickness of final added cell layer. If multiple layers
+    // is the thickness of the layer furthest away from the wall.
+    // Relative to undistorted size of cell outside layer.
+    // See relativeSizes parameter.
+    finalLayerThickness 0.3;
+
+    // Minimum thickness of cell layer. If for any reason layer
+    // cannot be above minThickness do not add layer.
+    // Relative to undistorted size of cell outside layer.
+    minThickness 0.1;
+
+    // If points get not extruded do nGrow layers of connected faces that are
+    // also not grown. This helps convergence of the layer addition process
+    // close to features.
+    // Note: changed(corrected) w.r.t 1.7.x! (didn't do anything in 1.7.x)
+    nGrow 0;
+
+    // Advanced settings
+
+    // When not to extrude surface. 0 is flat surface, 90 is when two faces
+    // are perpendicular
+    featureAngle 30;
+
+    // Maximum number of snapping relaxation iterations. Should stop
+    // before upon reaching a correct mesh.
+    nRelaxIter 3;
+
+    // Number of smoothing iterations of surface normals
+    nSmoothSurfaceNormals 1;
+
+    // Number of smoothing iterations of interior mesh movement direction
+    nSmoothNormals 3;
+
+    // Smooth layer thickness over surface patches
+    nSmoothThickness 10;
+
+    // Stop layer growth on highly warped cells
+    maxFaceThicknessRatio 0.5;
+
+    // Reduce layer growth where ratio thickness to medial
+    // distance is large
+    maxThicknessToMedialRatio 0.3;
+
+    // Angle used to pick up medial axis points
+    // Note: changed(corrected) w.r.t 1.7.x! 90 degrees corresponds to 130
+    // in 1.7.x.
+    minMedialAxisAngle 90;
+
+
+    // Create buffer region for new layer terminations
+    nBufferCellsNoExtrude 0;
+
+
+    // Overall max number of layer addition iterations. The mesher will exit
+    // if it reaches this number of iterations; possibly with an illegal
+    // mesh.
+    nLayerIter 50;
+}
+
+
+
+// Generic mesh quality settings. At any undoable phase these determine
+// where to undo.
+meshQualityControls
+{
+    //- Maximum non-orthogonality allowed. Set to 180 to disable.
+    maxNonOrtho 65;
+
+    //- Max skewness allowed. Set to <0 to disable.
+    maxBoundarySkewness 20;
+    maxInternalSkewness 4;
+
+    //- Max concaveness allowed. Is angle (in degrees) below which concavity
+    //  is allowed. 0 is straight face, <0 would be convex face.
+    //  Set to 180 to disable.
+    maxConcave 80;
+
+    //- Minimum pyramid volume. Is absolute volume of cell pyramid.
+    //  Set to a sensible fraction of the smallest cell volume expected.
+    //  Set to very negative number (e.g. -1E30) to disable.
+    minVol 1e-13;
+
+    //- Minimum quality of the tet formed by the face-centre
+    //  and variable base point minimum decomposition triangles and
+    //  the cell centre. This has to be a positive number for tracking
+    //  to work. Set to very negative number (e.g. -1E30) to
+    //  disable.
+    //     <0 = inside out tet,
+    //      0 = flat tet
+    //      1 = regular tet
+    minTetQuality -1; // 1e-30;
+
+    //- Minimum face area. Set to <0 to disable.
+    minArea -1;
+
+    //- Minimum face twist. Set to <-1 to disable. dot product of face normal
+    //  and face centre triangles normal
+    minTwist 0.01;
+
+    //- Minimum normalised cell determinant
+    //  1 = hex, <= 0 = folded or flattened illegal cell
+    minDeterminant 0.001;
+
+    //- minFaceWeight (0 -> 0.5)
+    minFaceWeight 0.05;
+
+    //- minVolRatio (0 -> 1)
+    minVolRatio 0.01;
+
+    //must be >0 for Fluent compatibility
+    minTriangleTwist -1;
+
+
+    // Advanced
+
+    //- Number of error distribution iterations
+    nSmoothScale 4;
+    //- Amount to scale back displacement at error points
+    errorReduction 0.75;
+
+    // Optional : some meshing phases allow usage of relaxed rules.
+    // See e.g. addLayersControls::nRelaxedIter.
+    relaxed
+    {
+        //- Maximum non-orthogonality allowed. Set to 180 to disable.
+        maxNonOrtho 75;
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+// Merge tolerance. Is fraction of overall bounding box of initial mesh.
+// Note: the write tolerance needs to be higher than this.
+mergeTolerance 1e-6;
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/surfaceFeatureExtractDict

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  v2506                                 |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Website:  www.openfoam.com                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      surfaceFeatureExtractDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+//innerCylinder.obj
+//{
+//    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+//}
+
+
+//innerCylinderSmall.obj
+//{
+//    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+//}
+
+
+//outerCylinder.obj
+//{
+//    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+//}
+
+
+hub.obj
+{
+    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+}
+
+
+transmission.obj
+{
+    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+}
+
+
+propeller.obj
+{
+    #include "surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults"
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/propeller1/system/surfaceFeatureExtractDict.defaults

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// How to obtain raw features (extractFromFile || extractFromSurface)
+extractionMethod    extractFromSurface;
+
+// Mark edges whose adjacent surface normals are at an angle less
+// than includedAngle as features
+// - 0  : selects no edges
+// - 180: selects all edges
+includedAngle       150;
+
+
+trimFeatures
+{
+    // Remove features with fewer than the specified number of edges
+    minElem         10;
+}