ENH: New atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model suite (Part 1)

Please refer to the header file documentation for complete set of details.

  ENH: add new fvOptions for ABL modelling

    - atmAmbientTurbSource
    - atmBuoyancyTurbSource
    - atmCoriolisUSource
    - atmLengthScaleTurbSource
    - atmPlantCanopyTurbSource
    - atmPlantCanopyUSource
    - atmPlantCanopyTSource
    - atmNutSource

  ENH: add new boundary conditions for ABL modelling
       with PatchFunction1 and TimeFunction1 support

    - atmAlphatkWallFunction
    - atmEpsilonWallFunction
    - atmNutkWallFunction
    - atmNutUWallFunction
    - atmNutWallFunction
    - atmOmegaWallFunction
    - atmTurbulentHeatFluxTemperature

  STYLE: change names of nutkAtmRoughWallFunction -> atmNutkWallFunction by
         ensuring the bitwise backward compatibility

  ENH: add new variable-scaling force computation method to actuationDiskSource

  ENH: review actuationDiskSource and radialActuationDiskSource

  ENH: add new function object, ObukhovLength

  ENH: add new ABL tutorials/verifications

    - verificationAndValidation/atmosphericModels/atmFlatTerrain
      - verification with the Leipzig field experiment
      - illustration of precursor/successor field mapping
    - verificationAndValidation/atmosphericModels/atmForestStability
      - verification with the Sweden field experiment
    - update incompressible/simpleFoam/turbineSiting

tutorials/resources/dataset/atm-Arnqvist-2015/kNorm-zNorm.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Stratification = Very stable
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+5.050476682 2.0032
+4.708841902 2.94998
+4.016252759 4.00501
+3.328857722 4.90112
+3.317729463 6.00696
+3.383228433 6.88859
+# Stratification = Stable
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+4.24970097 2.0032
+4.149517291 2.94998
+3.859303812 4.00501
+3.463663054 4.90112
+3.124025564 6.00696
+3.103046306 6.88859
+# Stratification = Slightly stable
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+3.897762917 2.0032
+3.816771933 2.94998
+3.707861851 4.00501
+3.54779421 4.90112
+3.310490034 6.00696
+3.179855803 6.88859
+# Stratification = Neutral
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+3.788680963 2.0032
+3.715671223 2.94998
+3.59401204 4.00501
+3.465226229 4.90112
+3.251834724 6.00696
+3.130716879 6.88859
+# Stratification = Slightly unstable
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+4.038160328 2.0032
+4.012134117 2.94998
+3.768972354 4.00501
+3.6049338 4.90112
+3.364303911 6.00696
+3.252063911 6.88859
+# Stratification = Unstable
+# k/k@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+4.198358216 2.0032
+4.008932555 2.94998
+3.752031 4.00501
+3.566299621 4.90112
+3.274208456 6.00696
+3.154213326 6.88859

tutorials/resources/dataset/atm-Arnqvist-2015/uNorm-zNorm.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Stratification = Very stable
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+13.8953 2
+20.0349 2.95
+25.3372 4
+28.3023 4.9
+31.7907 6
+33.8488 6.88571
+# Stratification = Stable
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+8.13953 2
+10.5814 2.95
+13.3721 4
+15.0465 4.9
+17.3488 6.00714
+18.7791 6.88571
+# Stratification = Slightly stable
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+6.36047 1.99286
+8 2.95
+9.60465 4
+10.5465 4.89286
+11.9419 5.99286
+12.814 6.87857
+# Stratification = Neutral
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+5.62791 2
+6.95349 2.95
+8.13953 4
+8.76744 4.9
+9.63953 6
+10.2674 6.88571
+# Stratification = Slightly unstable
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+5.31395 2
+6.43023 2.95
+7.26744 4
+7.65116 4.9
+8.2093 6
+8.66279 6.88571
+# Stratification = Unstable
+# U/U@(zRef=40m) z/zRef=20[m]
+5.06977 2
+6.04651 2.95
+6.74419 4
+7.05814 4.9
+7.44186 6
+7.75581 6.88571

tutorials/resources/dataset/atm-Arnqvist-2015/veer-zNorm.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Stratification = Very stable
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+-8.88e-16 2
+5.08854 2.96326
+7.19998 4.00448
+9.45163 4.89879
+13.7953 6.00217
+17.954 6.88183
+# Stratification = Stable
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+-8.88178e-16 2
+3.57695 2.95679
+4.31625 4.00548
+5.42837 4.9002
+8.91164 5.99688
+12.3262 6.87681
+# Stratification = Slightly stable
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+-8.88e-16 2
+2.60026 2.94315
+2.75811 4.00603
+3.12604 4.901
+5.6326 5.99104
+8.39595 6.87119
+# Stratification = Neutral
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+1.89764 4.00633
+1.90249 2.96437
+2.05627 4.90138
+4.12094 5.99856
+6.69821 6.88577
+# Stratification = Slightly unstable
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+-8.88e-16 2
+1.75811 4.00638
+2.06528 2.96431
+2.07953 4.90137
+4.05117 5.99858
+6.2796 6.88592
+# Stratification = Unstable
+# veer z/zRef=20[m]
+-8.88e-16 2
+1.3395 4.00652
+1.83272 2.96439
+1.89348 4.90144
+4.16745 5.99854
+6.41914 6.88587

tutorials/resources/dataset/atm-Koblitz-2013/u-z-Leipzig.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#  Lettau, H. (1950).
+#  A re-examination of the “Leipzig wind profile” considering some
+#  relations between wind and turbulence in the frictional layer.
+#  Tellus, 2(2), 125-129.
+#  DOI:10.3402/tellusa.v2i2.8534
+#
+#  Koblitz, T. (2013).
+#  CFD Modeling of Non-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Conditions.
+#  DTU Wind Energy. DTU Wind Energy PhD, No. 0019(EN).
+#  Figure 4.1
+## u    z
+10.5946 97.6744
+11.7838 146.512
+12.6486 209.302
+13.6216 258.14
+14.2703 293.023
+14.8108 348.837
+15.6757 397.674
+16.4324 453.488
+16.7568 502.326
+17.4054 551.163
+17.6216 600
+17.9459 655.814
+18.2703 704.651
+18.3784 746.512
+18.5946 802.326
+18.7027 865.116
+18.7027 865.116
+## v    z
+1.66276 947.331
+2.00115 892.363
+2.35544 854.784
+2.61341 799.676
+2.95172 751.652
+3.19357 699.989
+3.46747 658.798
+3.74155 600.246
+3.99944 552.082
+4.25741 496.975
+4.56363 441.951
+4.6     49.6528
+4.80535 400.704
+4.8567  112.598
+4.96882 157.932
+4.99894 348.956
+5.0488  199.737
+5.08    290.069
+5.08041 251.876