ENH: improve infrastructure for detecting excess tokens (issue #762)

- Always used for optional dictionary entries, since these are individual
  values, and not meant to be embedded in a larger stream of tokens.

  Methods:
     - lookupOrDefault, lookupOrAddDefault, lookupOrDefaultCompat
     - readIfPresent, readIfPresentCompat

- Handling mandatory dictionary entries is slightly more complex,
  since these may be part of larger stream of tokens, and are often
  used in a constructor context. For example,

      word modelType(dict.lookup("type"));

  Or they are used without a definite context. For example,

      dict.lookup("format") >> outputFormat;

  Newly introduced methods for mandatory dictionary entries:
     - get, getCompat
     - read, readCompat

  In a constructor or assignment context:

      word modelType(dict.get<word>("type"));
      outputFormat = dict.lookup("format");

  without copy/move (similar to readIfPresent):

      dict.read("format", outputFormat);

src/OpenFOAM/primitives/functions/Function1/ramp/ramp.C

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ License
 void Foam::Function1Types::ramp::read(const dictionary& coeffs)
 {
     start_ = coeffs.lookupOrDefault<scalar>("start", 0);
-    duration_ = coeffs.lookupType<scalar>("duration");
+    duration_ = coeffs.get<scalar>("duration");
 }