consistency update

- OSspecific: chmod() -> chMod(), even although it's not used anywhere

- ListOps get subset() and inplaceSubset() templated on BoolListType

- added UList<bool>::operator[](..) const specialization.
  Returns false (actually pTraits<bool>::zero) for out-of-range elements.
  This lets us use List<bool> with lazy evaluation and no noticeable
  change in performance.

- use rcIndex() and fcIndex() wherever possible.
  Could check if branching or modulus is faster for fcIndex().

- UList and FixedList get 'const T* cdata() const' and 'T* data()' members.
  Similar to the STL front() and std::string::data() methods, they return a
  pointer to the first element without needing to write '&myList[0]', recast
  begin() or violate const-ness.

src/OpenFOAM/db/Time/Time.C

@@ -31,11 +31,7 @@ License
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Member Data  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
-namespace Foam
-{
-    defineTypeNameAndDebug(Time, 0);
-}
-
+defineTypeNameAndDebug(Foam::Time, 0);
 
 template<>
 const char* Foam::NamedEnum<Foam::Time::stopAtControls, 4>::names[] =
@@ -100,9 +96,11 @@ void Foam::Time::adjustDeltaT()
 void Foam::Time::setControls()
 {
     // default is to resume calculation from "latestTime"
-    word startFrom("latestTime");
-
-    controlDict_.readIfPresent("startFrom", startFrom);
+    word startFrom = controlDict_.lookupOrDefault<word>
+    (
+        "startFrom",
+        "latestTime"
+    );
 
     if (startFrom == "startTime")
     {
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ Foam::instant Foam::Time::findClosestTime(const scalar t) const
     label nearestIndex = -1;
     scalar deltaT = GREAT;
 
-    for (label i=1; i<times.size(); i++)
+    for (label i=1; i < times.size(); i++)
     {
         scalar diff = mag(times[i].value() - t);
         if (diff < deltaT)