reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam: Corrected kineticTheory frictional stress at walls

Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT

The new JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress model is included and
the LBend tutorial case to demonstrate the need for the changes to the
frictional stress models.

Resolves bug-report http://www.openfoam.org/mantisbt/view.php?id=2058

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/PhaseSystems/ThermalPhaseChangePhaseSystem/ThermalPhaseChangePhaseSystem.C

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     |
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2015 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2015-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ License
 \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 #include "ThermalPhaseChangePhaseSystem.H"
-#include "fvCFD.H"
 #include "alphatPhaseChangeWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField.H"
+#include "fvcVolumeIntegrate.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/Make/files

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStress
 kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel/newFrictionalStressModel.C
 kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJackson/JohnsonJacksonFrictionalStress.C
 kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/Schaeffer/SchaefferFrictionalStress.C
+kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer/JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress.C
 
 kineticTheoryModels/derivedFvPatchFields/JohnsonJacksonParticleTheta/JohnsonJacksonParticleThetaFvPatchScalarField.C
 kineticTheoryModels/derivedFvPatchFields/JohnsonJacksonParticleSlip/JohnsonJacksonParticleSlipFvPatchVectorField.C

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/derivedFvPatchFields/JohnsonJacksonParticleSlip/JohnsonJacksonParticleSlipFvPatchVectorField.C

@@ -190,6 +190,14 @@ void Foam::JohnsonJacksonParticleSlipFvPatchVectorField::updateCoeffs()
         )
     );
 
+    const scalarField nuFric
+    (
+        patch().lookupPatchField<volScalarField, scalar>
+        (
+            IOobject::groupName("nuFric", phased.name())
+        )
+    );
+
     word ThetaName(IOobject::groupName("Theta", phased.name()));
 
     const fvPatchScalarField& Theta
@@ -222,7 +230,7 @@ void Foam::JohnsonJacksonParticleSlipFvPatchVectorField::updateCoeffs()
        *gs0
        *specularityCoefficient_.value()
        *sqrt(3.0*Theta)
-       /max(6.0*nu*alphaMax.value(), SMALL)
+       /max(6.0*(nu - nuFric)*alphaMax.value(), SMALL)
     );
 
     this->valueFraction() = c/(c + patch().deltaCoeffs());

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJackson/JohnsonJacksonFrictionalStress.C

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     |
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2015 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -81,15 +81,16 @@ Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::JohnsonJackson::
 frictionalPressure
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
 ) const
 {
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
 
     return
-        Fr_*pow(max(alpha1 - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
+        Fr_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
-       /pow(max(alphaMax - alpha1, alphaDeltaMin_), p_);
+       /pow(max(alphaMax - alpha, alphaDeltaMin_), p_);
 }
 
 
@@ -97,24 +98,26 @@ Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::JohnsonJackson::
 frictionalPressurePrime
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
 ) const
 {
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+
     return Fr_*
     (
-        eta_*pow(max(alpha1 - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_ - 1.0)
+        eta_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_ - 1.0)
-       *(alphaMax-alpha1)
+       *(alphaMax-alpha)
-      + p_*pow(max(alpha1 - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
+      + p_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
-    )/pow(max(alphaMax - alpha1, alphaDeltaMin_), p_ + 1.0);
+    )/pow(max(alphaMax - alpha, alphaDeltaMin_), p_ + 1.0);
 }
 
 
 Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::JohnsonJackson::nu
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
     const volScalarField& pf,

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJackson/JohnsonJacksonFrictionalStress.H

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     |
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2015 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -93,21 +93,21 @@ public:
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressure
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressurePrime
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> nu
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
             const volScalarField& pf,

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer/JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress.C

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+#include "mathematicalConstants.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace kineticTheoryModels
+{
+namespace frictionalStressModels
+{
+    defineTypeNameAndDebug(JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer, 0);
+
+    addToRunTimeSelectionTable
+    (
+        frictionalStressModel,
+        JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer,
+        dictionary
+    );
+}
+}
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer
+(
+    const dictionary& dict
+)
+:
+    frictionalStressModel(dict),
+    coeffDict_(dict.subDict(typeName + "Coeffs")),
+    Fr_("Fr", dimensionSet(1, -1, -2, 0, 0), coeffDict_),
+    eta_("eta", dimless, coeffDict_),
+    p_("p", dimless, coeffDict_),
+    phi_("phi", dimless, coeffDict_),
+    alphaDeltaMin_("alphaDeltaMin", dimless, coeffDict_)
+{
+    phi_ *= constant::mathematical::pi/180.0;
+}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Destructor  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::~JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer()
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
+Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::frictionalPressure
+(
+    const phaseModel& phase,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
+) const
+{
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+
+    return
+        Fr_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
+       /pow(max(alphaMax - alpha, alphaDeltaMin_), p_);
+}
+
+
+Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
+Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::frictionalPressurePrime
+(
+    const phaseModel& phase,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
+) const
+{
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+
+    return Fr_*
+    (
+        eta_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_ - 1.0)
+       *(alphaMax-alpha)
+      + p_*pow(max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), eta_)
+    )/pow(max(alphaMax - alpha, alphaDeltaMin_), p_ + 1.0);
+}
+
+
+Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
+Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::nu
+(
+    const phaseModel& phase,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+    const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
+    const volScalarField& pf,
+    const volSymmTensorField& D
+) const
+{
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+    const scalar I2Dsmall = 1.0e-15;
+
+    tmp<volScalarField> tnu
+    (
+        new volScalarField
+        (
+            IOobject
+            (
+                "JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer:nu",
+                phase.mesh().time().timeName(),
+                phase.mesh(),
+                IOobject::NO_READ,
+                IOobject::NO_WRITE,
+                false
+            ),
+            phase.mesh(),
+            dimensionedScalar("nu", dimensionSet(0, 2, -1, 0, 0), 0.0)
+        )
+    );
+
+    volScalarField& nuf = tnu.ref();
+
+    forAll(D, celli)
+    {
+        if (alpha[celli] > alphaMinFriction.value())
+        {
+            nuf[celli] =
+                0.5*pf[celli]*sin(phi_.value())
+               /(
+                    sqrt
+                    (
+                        1.0/6.0
+                       *(
+                            sqr(D[celli].xx() - D[celli].yy())
+                          + sqr(D[celli].yy() - D[celli].zz())
+                          + sqr(D[celli].zz() - D[celli].xx())
+                        )
+                      + sqr(D[celli].xy()) + sqr(D[celli].xz()
+                    )
+                  + sqr(D[celli].yz())) + I2Dsmall
+                );
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fvPatchList& patches = phase.mesh().boundary();
+    const volVectorField& U = phase.U();
+
+    forAll(patches, patchi)
+    {
+        if (!patches[patchi].coupled())
+        {
+            nuf.boundaryField()[patchi] =
+                (
+                    pf.boundaryField()[patchi]*sin(phi_.value())
+                   /(
+                        mag(U.boundaryField()[patchi].snGrad())
+                      + I2Dsmall
+                    )
+                );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Correct coupled BCs
+    nuf.correctBoundaryConditions();
+
+    return tnu;
+}
+
+
+bool Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::
+JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer::read()
+{
+    coeffDict_ <<= dict_.subDict(typeName + "Coeffs");
+
+    Fr_.read(coeffDict_);
+    eta_.read(coeffDict_);
+    p_.read(coeffDict_);
+
+    phi_.read(coeffDict_);
+    phi_ *= constant::mathematical::pi/180.0;
+
+    alphaDeltaMin_.read(coeffDict_);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer/JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress.H

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     |
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer
+
+Description
+
+SourceFiles
+    JohnsonJacksonSchaefferFrictionalStress.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer_H
+#define JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer_H
+
+#include "frictionalStressModel.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace kineticTheoryModels
+{
+namespace frictionalStressModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+               Class JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+class JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer
+:
+    public frictionalStressModel
+{
+    // Private data
+
+        dictionary coeffDict_;
+
+        //- Material constant for frictional normal stress
+        dimensionedScalar Fr_;
+
+        //- Material constant for frictional normal stress
+        dimensionedScalar eta_;
+
+        //- Material constant for frictional normal stress
+        dimensionedScalar p_;
+
+        //- Angle of internal friction
+        dimensionedScalar phi_;
+
+        //- Lower limit for (alphaMax - alpha1)
+        dimensionedScalar alphaDeltaMin_;
+
+
+public:
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer");
+
+
+    // Constructors
+
+        //- Construct from components
+        JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer(const dictionary& dict);
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer();
+
+
+    // Member functions
+
+        virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressure
+        (
+            const phaseModel& phase,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
+        ) const;
+
+        virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressurePrime
+        (
+            const phaseModel& phase,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
+        ) const;
+
+        virtual tmp<volScalarField> nu
+        (
+            const phaseModel& phase,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
+            const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
+            const volScalarField& pf,
+            const volSymmTensorField& D
+        ) const;
+
+        virtual bool read();
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace frictionalStressModels
+} // End namespace kineticTheoryModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/Schaeffer/SchaefferFrictionalStress.C

@@ -74,14 +74,16 @@ Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::Schaeffer::
 frictionalPressure
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
 ) const
 {
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+
     return
         dimensionedScalar("1e24", dimensionSet(1, -1, -2, 0, 0), 1e24)
-       *pow(Foam::max(alpha1 - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), 10.0);
+       *pow(Foam::max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), 10.0);
 }
 
 
@@ -89,31 +91,31 @@ Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::Schaeffer::
 frictionalPressurePrime
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
 ) const
 {
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
+
     return
         dimensionedScalar("1e25", dimensionSet(1, -1, -2, 0, 0), 1e25)
-       *pow(Foam::max(alpha1 - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), 9.0);
+       *pow(Foam::max(alpha - alphaMinFriction, scalar(0)), 9.0);
 }
 
 
 Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
 Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::Schaeffer::nu
 (
-    const volScalarField& alpha1,
+    const phaseModel& phase,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
     const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
     const volScalarField& pf,
     const volSymmTensorField& D
 ) const
 {
-    const scalar I2Dsmall = 1.0e-15;
+    const volScalarField& alpha = phase;
 
-    // Creating nu assuming it should be 0 on the boundary which may not be
-    // true
     tmp<volScalarField> tnu
     (
         new volScalarField
@@ -121,13 +123,13 @@ Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::Schaeffer::nu
             IOobject
             (
                 "Schaeffer:nu",
-                alpha1.mesh().time().timeName(),
+                phase.mesh().time().timeName(),
-                alpha1.mesh(),
+                phase.mesh(),
                 IOobject::NO_READ,
                 IOobject::NO_WRITE,
                 false
             ),
-            alpha1.mesh(),
+            phase.mesh(),
             dimensionedScalar("nu", dimensionSet(0, 2, -1, 0, 0), 0.0)
         )
     );
@@ -136,16 +138,31 @@ Foam::kineticTheoryModels::frictionalStressModels::Schaeffer::nu
 
     forAll(D, celli)
     {
-        if (alpha1[celli] > alphaMinFriction.value())
+        if (alpha[celli] > alphaMinFriction.value())
         {
             nuf[celli] =
                 0.5*pf[celli]*sin(phi_.value())
                /(
-                    sqrt(1.0/6.0*(sqr(D[celli].xx() - D[celli].yy())
+                    sqrt((1.0/3.0)*sqr(tr(D[celli])) - invariantII(D[celli]))
-                  + sqr(D[celli].yy() - D[celli].zz())
+                  + SMALL
-                  + sqr(D[celli].zz() - D[celli].xx()))
+                );
-                  + sqr(D[celli].xy()) + sqr(D[celli].xz())
+        }
-                  + sqr(D[celli].yz())) + I2Dsmall
+    }
+
+    const fvPatchList& patches = phase.mesh().boundary();
+    const volVectorField& U = phase.U();
+
+    forAll(patches, patchi)
+    {
+        if (!patches[patchi].coupled())
+        {
+            nuf.boundaryField()[patchi] =
+                (
+                    pf.boundaryField()[patchi]*sin(phi_.value())
+                   /(
+                        mag(U.boundaryField()[patchi].snGrad())
+                      + SMALL
+                    )
                 );
         }
     }

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/Schaeffer/SchaefferFrictionalStress.H

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     |
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2015 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -81,21 +81,21 @@ public:
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressure
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressurePrime
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> nu
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
             const volScalarField& pf,

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel.H

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   =========                 |
   \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
    \\    /   O peration     |
-    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2015 OpenFOAM Foundation
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
      \\/     M anipulation  |
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 License
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ SourceFiles
 #include "volFields.H"
 #include "dimensionedTypes.H"
 #include "runTimeSelectionTables.H"
+#include "phaseModel.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
@@ -107,21 +108,21 @@ public:
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressure
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const = 0;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> frictionalPressurePrime
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1f,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax
         ) const = 0;
 
         virtual tmp<volScalarField> nu
         (
-            const volScalarField& alpha1,
+            const phaseModel& phase,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMinFriction,
             const dimensionedScalar& alphaMax,
             const volScalarField& pf,

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/kineticTheoryModel/kineticTheoryModel.C

@@ -111,6 +111,13 @@ Foam::RASModels::kineticTheoryModel::kineticTheoryModel
         coeffDict_
     ),
 
+    maxNut_
+    (
+        "maxNut",
+        dimensionSet(0,2,-1,0,0),
+        coeffDict_.lookupOrDefault<scalar>("maxNut",1000)
+    ),
+
     Theta_
     (
         IOobject
@@ -164,6 +171,20 @@ Foam::RASModels::kineticTheoryModel::kineticTheoryModel
         ),
         U.mesh(),
         dimensionedScalar("zero", dimensionSet(1, -1, -1, 0, 0), 0.0)
+    ),
+
+    nuFric_
+    (
+        IOobject
+        (
+            IOobject::groupName("nuFric", phase.name()),
+            U.time().timeName(),
+            U.mesh(),
+            IOobject::NO_READ,
+            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
+        ),
+        U.mesh(),
+        dimensionedScalar("zero", dimensionSet(0, 2, -1, 0, 0), 0.0)
     )
 {
     if (type == typeName)
@@ -267,7 +288,7 @@ Foam::RASModels::kineticTheoryModel::pPrime() const
         )
      +  frictionalStressModel_->frictionalPressurePrime
         (
-            alpha_,
+            phase_,
             alphaMinFriction_,
             alphaMax_
         )
@@ -519,24 +540,25 @@ void Foam::RASModels::kineticTheoryModel::correct()
         (
             frictionalStressModel_->frictionalPressure
             (
-                alpha,
+                phase_,
                 alphaMinFriction_,
                 alphaMax_
             )
         );
 
-        // Add frictional shear viscosity, Eq. 3.30, p. 52
+        nuFric_ = frictionalStressModel_->nu
-        nut_ += frictionalStressModel_->nu
         (
-            alpha,
+            phase_,
             alphaMinFriction_,
             alphaMax_,
             pf/rho,
             D
         );
 
-        // Limit viscosity
+        // Limit viscosity and add frictional viscosity
-        nut_.min(100);
+        nut_.min(maxNut_);
+        nuFric_ = min(nuFric_, maxNut_ - nut_);
+        nut_ += nuFric_;
     }
 
     if (debug)

applications/solvers/multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/kineticTheoryModel/kineticTheoryModel.H

@@ -120,6 +120,9 @@ class kineticTheoryModel
             //- Residual phase fraction
             dimensionedScalar residualAlpha_;
 
+            //- Maximum turbulent viscosity
+            dimensionedScalar maxNut_;
+
 
         // Kinetic Theory Model Fields
 
@@ -135,6 +138,9 @@ class kineticTheoryModel
             //- The granular "thermal" conductivity
             volScalarField kappa_;
 
+            //- The frictional viscosity
+            volScalarField nuFric_;
+
 
     // Private Member Functions
 

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/T.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      T.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 0 0 1 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 300;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform 300;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        phi             phi.gas;
+        inletValue      uniform 300;
+        value           uniform 300;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/T.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      T.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 0 0 1 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 300;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        phi             phi.solids;
+        inletValue      uniform 300;
+        value           uniform 300;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/Theta.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      Theta.solids;
+}
+// ************************************************************************* //
+
+dimensions          [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 0;
+
+referenceLevel      1e-4;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform 1e-4;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            JohnsonJacksonParticleTheta;
+        restitutionCoefficient 0.2;
+        specularityCoefficient   0.1;
+        muF             0.25;
+        sigma           2;
+        value           uniform 1e-4;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/U.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volVectorField;
+    object      U.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform (0 0 0);
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            pressureInletOutletVelocity;
+        phi             phi.gas;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/U.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volVectorField;
+    object      U.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform (0 0 0);
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 -0.2 0);
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            JohnsonJacksonParticleSlip;
+        restitutionCoefficient 0.2;
+        specularityCoefficient   0.1;
+        muF             0.25;
+        sigma           2;
+        value           uniform (0 0 0);
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/alpha.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      alpha.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           uniform 0.3;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            zeroGradient;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/alphat.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      alphat.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            compressible::alphatWallFunction;
+        Prt             0.85;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/alphat.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      alphat.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField   uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/epsilon.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      epsilon.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 1e-3;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        phi             phi.gas;
+        inletValue      $internalField;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            epsilonWallFunction;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/k.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      k.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 1e-4;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedValue;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            inletOutlet;
+        phi             phi.gas;
+        inletValue      $internalField;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            kqRWallFunction;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/nut.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      nut.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            nutkWallFunction;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/nut.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      nut.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 0;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/p

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      p;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 1e5;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            calculated;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/0/p_rgh

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       volScalarField;
+    object      p_rgh;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions          [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0];
+
+internalField       uniform 1e5;
+
+boundaryField
+{
+    inlet
+    {
+        type            fixedFluxPressure;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    outlet
+    {
+        type            prghTotalPressure;
+        p0              $internalField;
+        U               U.gas;
+        phi             phi.gas;
+        rho             thermo:rho.gas;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "wall.*"
+    {
+        type            fixedFluxPressure;
+        value           $internalField;
+    }
+
+    "frontAndBack.*"
+    {
+        type            empty;
+    }
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/g

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       uniformDimensionedVectorField;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      g;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+dimensions      [0 1 -2 0 0 0 0];
+value           ( 0 -9.81 0 );
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/phaseProperties

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      phaseProperties;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+type    heatAndMomentumTransferTwoPhaseSystem;
+
+phases (solids gas);
+
+solids
+{
+    type          purePhaseModel;
+
+    diameterModel constant;
+
+    constantCoeffs
+    {
+        d               462e-6;
+    }
+
+    residualAlpha   1e-5;
+}
+
+gas
+{
+    type          purePhaseModel;
+
+    diameterModel constant;
+    constantCoeffs
+    {
+        d               1;
+    }
+    residualAlpha   1e-5;
+}
+
+blending
+{
+    default
+    {
+        type            none;
+        residualAlpha   1e-6;
+        continuousPhase gas;
+    }
+}
+
+surfaceTension
+(
+    (gas and solids)
+    {
+        type            constant;
+        sigma           0;
+    }
+);
+
+aspectRatio
+(
+);
+
+drag
+(
+    (solids in gas)
+    {
+        type            GidaspowErgunWenYu;
+        residualAlpha   1e-5;
+        residualRe      1e-5;
+        swarmCorrection
+        {
+            type        none;
+        }
+    }
+);
+
+virtualMass
+(
+    (solids in gas)
+    {
+        type            constantCoefficient;
+        Cvm             0;
+    }
+);
+
+heatTransfer
+(
+    (solids in gas)
+    {
+        type            RanzMarshall;
+        residualAlpha   1e-4;
+    }
+);
+
+lift
+(
+);
+
+wallLubrication
+(
+);
+
+turbulentDispersion
+(
+);
+
+// Minimum allowable pressure
+pMin            10000;
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/thermophysicalProperties.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      thermophysicalProperties.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+thermoType
+{
+    type            heRhoThermo;
+    mixture         pureMixture;
+    transport       const;
+    thermo          hConst;
+    equationOfState perfectGas;
+    specie          specie;
+    energy          sensibleEnthalpy;
+}
+
+mixture
+{
+    specie
+    {
+        nMoles      1;
+        molWeight   28.9;
+    }
+    thermodynamics
+    {
+        Cp          1007;
+        Hf          0;
+    }
+    equationOfState
+    {
+        rho         1.2;
+    }
+    transport
+    {
+        mu          1.84e-05;
+        Pr          0.7;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/thermophysicalProperties.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      thermophysicalProperties.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+thermoType
+{
+    type            heRhoThermo;
+    mixture         pureMixture;
+    transport       const;
+    thermo          hConst;
+    equationOfState rhoConst;
+    specie          specie;
+    energy          sensibleEnthalpy;
+}
+
+mixture
+{
+    specie
+    {
+        nMoles      1;
+        molWeight   100;
+    }
+    equationOfState
+    {
+        rho         2480;
+    }
+    thermodynamics
+    {
+        Cp          6000;
+        Hf          0;
+    }
+    transport
+    {
+        mu          0;
+        Pr          24.47;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/turbulenceProperties.gas

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      turbulenceProperties.gas;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+simulationType  RAS;
+
+RAS
+{
+    RASModel kEpsilon;
+
+    turbulence      on;
+    printCoeffs     on;
+}
+
+LES
+{
+    LESModel Smagorinsky;
+
+    turbulence      on;
+    printCoeffs     on;
+
+    delta cubeRootVol;
+
+    cubeRootVolCoeffs
+    {
+        deltaCoeff 1;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/constant/turbulenceProperties.solids

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "constant";
+    object      turbulenceProperties.solids;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+simulationType  RAS;
+
+RAS
+{
+    RASModel kineticTheory;
+
+    turbulence      on;
+    printCoeffs     on;
+
+    kineticTheoryCoeffs
+    {
+        equilibrium             off;
+
+        e                       0.8;
+        alphaMax                0.65;
+        alphaMinFriction        0.5;
+        residualAlpha           1e-6;
+
+        viscosityModel          Syamlal;
+        conductivityModel       Syamlal;
+        granularPressureModel   SyamlalRogersOBrien;
+        frictionalStressModel   Schaeffer;
+        radialModel             CarnahanStarling;
+
+        SchaefferCoeffs
+        {
+            phi                     36;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/system/blockMeshDict

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    object      blockMeshDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+convertToMeters 1;
+
+vertices
+(
+    ( 0.0  0.0  -0.01)
+    ( 0.04 0.0  -0.01)
+    ( 0.04 0.15  -0.01)
+    ( 0.0  0.15  -0.01)
+    ( 0.0  0.0   0.01)
+    ( 0.04 0.0   0.01)
+    ( 0.04 0.15   0.01)
+    ( 0.0  0.15   0.01)
+
+    ( 0.04  0.0  -0.01)
+    ( 0.5 0.0  -0.01)
+    ( 0.5 0.04  -0.01)
+    ( 0.04  0.04  -0.01)
+    ( 0.04  0.0   0.01)
+    ( 0.5 0.0   0.01)
+    ( 0.5 0.04   0.01)
+    ( 0.04  0.04   0.01)
+);
+
+blocks
+(
+    hex (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7) (16 60 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
+    hex (8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15) (180 16 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
+);
+
+edges
+(
+);
+
+boundary
+(
+    inlet
+    {
+        type patch;
+        faces
+        (
+            (3 7 6 2)
+        );
+    }
+    wall1
+    {
+        type wall;
+        faces
+        (
+            (0 4 7 3)
+            (1 5 4 0)
+        );
+    }
+    wall_merge
+    {
+        type wall;
+        faces
+        (
+            (2 6 5 1)
+        );
+    }
+    frontAndBack1
+    {
+        type empty;
+        faces
+        (
+            (0 3 2 1)
+            (4 5 6 7)
+        );
+    }
+    wall2
+    {
+        type wall;
+        faces
+        (
+            (11 15 14 10)
+            (9 13 12 8)
+        );
+    }
+    wall_merge2
+    {
+        type wall;
+        faces
+        (
+            (8 12 15 11)
+        );
+    }
+    outlet
+    {
+        type patch;
+        faces
+        (
+            (10 14 13 9)
+        );
+    }
+    frontAndBack2
+    {
+        type empty;
+        faces
+        (
+            (8 11 10 9)
+            (12 13 14 15)
+        );
+    }
+
+);
+
+mergePatchPairs
+(
+    (wall_merge wall_merge2)
+);
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/system/controlDict

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "system";
+    object      controlDict;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+application     reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam;
+
+startFrom       startTime;
+
+startTime       0;
+
+stopAt          endTime;
+
+endTime         2;
+
+deltaT          1e-4;
+
+writeControl    adjustableRunTime;
+
+writeInterval   0.1;
+
+purgeWrite      0;
+
+writeFormat     ascii;
+
+writePrecision  9;
+
+writeCompression compressed;
+
+timeFormat      general;
+
+timePrecision   8;
+
+runTimeModifiable on;
+
+adjustTimeStep  yes;
+
+maxCo           0.1;
+
+maxDeltaT       0.01;
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/system/fvSchemes

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "system";
+    object      fvSchemes;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+ddtSchemes
+{
+    default     Euler;
+}
+
+gradSchemes
+{
+    default     Gauss linear;
+}
+
+divSchemes
+{
+    default                         none;
+
+    "div\(phi,alpha.*\)"            Gauss vanLeer;
+    "div\(phir,alpha.*\)"           Gauss vanLeer;
+
+    "div\(alphaRhoPhi.*,U.*\)"      Gauss limitedLinearV 1;
+    "div\(phi.*,U.*\)"              Gauss limitedLinearV 1;
+
+    "div\(alphaRhoPhi.*,(h|e).*\)"  Gauss limitedLinear 1;
+    "div\(alphaRhoPhi.*,K.*\)"      Gauss limitedLinear 1;
+    "div\(alphaPhi.*,p\)"           Gauss limitedLinear 1;
+
+    div(alphaRhoPhi.solids,Theta.solids) Gauss limitedLinear 1;
+
+    "div\(alphaRhoPhi.*,(k|epsilon).*\)"  Gauss limitedLinear 1;
+
+    div((((alpha.gas*thermo:rho.gas)*nuEff.gas)*dev2(T(grad(U.gas))))) Gauss linear;
+
+     div((((thermo:rho.solids*nut.solids)*dev2(T(grad(U.solids))))+(((thermo:rho.solids*lambda.solids)*div(phi.solids))*I)))  Gauss linear;
+}
+
+laplacianSchemes
+{
+    default     Gauss linear corrected;
+}
+
+interpolationSchemes
+{
+    default     linear;
+}
+
+snGradSchemes
+{
+    default    corrected;
+}
+
+fluxRequired
+{
+    default     no;
+    p_rgh;
+    alpha.solids;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

tutorials/multiphase/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/RAS/LBend/system/fvSolution

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\
+| =========                 |                                                 |
+| \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox           |
+|  \\    /   O peration     | Version:  dev                                   |
+|   \\  /    A nd           | Web:      www.OpenFOAM.org                      |
+|    \\/     M anipulation  |                                                 |
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+FoamFile
+{
+    version     2.0;
+    format      ascii;
+    class       dictionary;
+    location    "system";
+    object      fvSolution;
+}
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+solvers
+{
+    "alpha.*"
+    {
+        nAlphaCorr      2;
+        nAlphaSubCycles 1;
+
+        implicitPhasePressure yes;
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-10;
+        relTol          0;
+        minIter         1;
+    }
+
+    p_rgh
+    {
+        solver          GAMG;
+        smoother        DIC;
+        nPreSweeps      0;
+        nPostSweeps     2;
+        nFinestSweeps   2;
+        cacheAgglomeration true;
+        nCellsInCoarsestLevel 10;
+        processorAgglomerator procFaces;
+        nAgglomeratingCells 800;
+        agglomerator    faceAreaPair;
+        mergeLevels     1;
+        tolerance       1e-8;
+        relTol          0.01;
+    }
+
+    p_rghFinal
+    {
+        $p_rgh;
+        relTol          0;
+    }
+
+    "U.*"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-7;
+        relTol          0;
+        minIter         1;
+    }
+
+    "(h|e).*"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-8;
+        relTol          0;
+        minIter         1;
+        maxIter         10;
+    }
+
+    "Theta.*"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-7;
+        relTol          0;
+        minIter         1;
+    }
+
+    "(k|epsilon).*"
+    {
+        solver          smoothSolver;
+        smoother        symGaussSeidel;
+        tolerance       1e-5;
+        relTol          0;
+        minIter         1;
+    }
+}
+
+PIMPLE
+{
+    nOuterCorrectors 3;
+    nCorrectors      1;
+    nNonOrthogonalCorrectors 0;
+    faceMomentum     yes;
+}
+
+relaxationFactors
+{
+    equations
+    {
+        ".*"            1;
+    }
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //