diff --git a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.C b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.C
index 11864207b1..1179b8971f 100644
--- a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.C
+++ b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.C
@@ -123,10 +123,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writePoints()
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsLegacy
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsLegacy(const label pointOffset)
 {
     const List<uint8_t>& cellTypes = vtuCells_.cellTypes();
     const labelList& vertLabels = vtuCells_.vertLabels();
@@ -165,7 +162,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsLegacy
                 vtk::vtuSizing::copyVertLabelsLegacy
                 (
                     vertLabels,
-                    pointOffsets.localStart()
+                    pointOffset
                 )
             );
         }
@@ -206,10 +203,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsLegacy
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity(const label pointOffset)
 {
     //
     // 'connectivity'
@@ -239,7 +233,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity
                 vtk::vtuSizing::copyVertLabelsXml
                 (
                     vertLabels,
-                    pointOffsets.localStart()
+                    pointOffset
                 )
             );
         }
@@ -263,12 +257,6 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity
         const labelList& vertOffsets = vtuCells_.vertOffsets();
         label nOffs = vertOffsets.size();
 
-        // global connectivity offsets
-        const globalIndex procOffset
-        (
-            vertOffsets.empty() ? 0 : vertOffsets.last()
-        );
-
         if (parallel_)
         {
             reduce(nOffs, sumOp<label>());
@@ -285,6 +273,12 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity
 
         if (parallel_)
         {
+            // processor-local connectivity offsets
+            const globalIndex procOffset
+            (
+                vertOffsets.empty() ? 0 : vertOffsets.last()
+            );
+
             vtk::writeListParallel(format_.ref(), vertOffsets, procOffset);
         }
         else
@@ -347,10 +341,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsConnectivity
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsFaces
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsFaces(const label pointOffset)
 {
     label nFaceLabels = vtuCells_.faceLabels().size();
 
@@ -393,7 +384,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeCellsFaces
                 vtk::vtuSizing::copyFaceLabelsXml
                 (
                     faceLabels,
-                    pointOffsets.localStart()
+                    pointOffset
                 )
             );
         }
@@ -578,12 +569,15 @@ bool Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeGeometry()
 
     writePoints();
 
-    // With addPointCellLabels for the point offsets
-    const globalIndex globalPointOffset(vtuCells_.nFieldPoints());
+    // Include addPointCellLabels for the point offsets
+    const label pointOffset =
+    (
+        parallel_ ? globalIndex(vtuCells_.nFieldPoints()).localStart() : 0
+    );
 
     if (legacy())
     {
-        writeCellsLegacy(globalPointOffset);
+        writeCellsLegacy(pointOffset);
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -592,8 +586,8 @@ bool Foam::vtk::internalWriter::writeGeometry()
         format().tag(vtk::fileTag::CELLS);
     }
 
-    writeCellsConnectivity(globalPointOffset);
-    writeCellsFaces(globalPointOffset);
+    writeCellsConnectivity(pointOffset);
+    writeCellsFaces(pointOffset);
 
     if (format_)
     {
diff --git a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.H b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.H
index 75969204e4..695bb086f9 100644
--- a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.H
+++ b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkInternalWriter.H
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ namespace Foam
 {
 
 // Forward declarations
-class globalIndex;
 class volPointInterpolation;
 
 namespace vtk
@@ -96,13 +95,16 @@ class internalWriter
         void writePoints();
 
         //- Write cells (connectivity and type), legacy format
-        void writeCellsLegacy(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writeCellsLegacy(const label pointOffset);
 
         //- Write cells connectivity
-        void writeCellsConnectivity(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writeCellsConnectivity(const label pointOffset);
 
         //- Write cells face streams
-        void writeCellsFaces(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writeCellsFaces(const label pointOffset);
 
 
         //- No copy construct
diff --git a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.C b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.C
index 1bc4344706..6b1f796cae 100644
--- a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.C
+++ b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.C
@@ -171,10 +171,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePoints()
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolysLegacy
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset)
 {
     const polyBoundaryMesh& patches = mesh_.boundaryMesh();
 
@@ -207,7 +204,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolysLegacy
 
         auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-        label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+        label off = pointOffset;
 
         for (const label patchId : patchIDs_)
         {
@@ -245,10 +242,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolysLegacy
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolys
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolys(const label pointOffset)
 {
     if (format_)
     {
@@ -285,7 +279,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolys
 
             auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-            label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+            label off = pointOffset;
 
             for (const label patchId : patchIDs_)
             {
@@ -328,9 +322,6 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolys
         labelList vertOffsets(nLocalFaces_);
         label nOffs = vertOffsets.size();
 
-        // global connectivity offsets
-        const globalIndex procOffset(nLocalVerts_);
-
         if (parallel_)
         {
             reduce(nOffs, sumOp<label>());
@@ -346,7 +337,12 @@ void Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writePolys
         }
 
 
-        label off = procOffset.localStart();
+        // processor-local connectivity offsets
+        label off =
+        (
+            parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalVerts_).localStart() : 0
+        );
+
 
         auto iter = vertOffsets.begin();
 
@@ -517,15 +513,18 @@ bool Foam::vtk::patchWriter::writeGeometry()
 
     writePoints();
 
-    const globalIndex globalPointOffset(nLocalPoints_);
+    const label pointOffset =
+    (
+        parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalPoints_).localStart() : 0
+    );
 
     if (legacy())
     {
-        writePolysLegacy(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolysLegacy(pointOffset);
     }
     else
     {
-        writePolys(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolys(pointOffset);
     }
 
     return true;
diff --git a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.H b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.H
index 98ad8c32d2..3f19285ff0 100644
--- a/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.H
+++ b/src/conversion/vtk/output/foamVtkPatchWriter.H
@@ -55,10 +55,6 @@ SourceFiles
 
 namespace Foam
 {
-
-// Forward declarations
-class globalIndex;
-
 namespace vtk
 {
 
@@ -107,10 +103,12 @@ class patchWriter
         void writePoints();
 
         //- Write patch faces, legacy format
-        void writePolysLegacy(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset);
 
         //- Write patch faces
-        void writePolys(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolys(const label pointOffset);
 
 
         //- No copy construct
diff --git a/src/fileFormats/vtk/file/foamVtkFileWriter.C b/src/fileFormats/vtk/file/foamVtkFileWriter.C
index b2e5d39804..524446cffe 100644
--- a/src/fileFormats/vtk/file/foamVtkFileWriter.C
+++ b/src/fileFormats/vtk/file/foamVtkFileWriter.C
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ License
 \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 #include "foamVtkFileWriter.H"
-#include "globalIndex.H"
 #include "OSspecific.H"
 
 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.C b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.C
index bf8adcf9fc..1dc96724f7 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.C
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.C
@@ -148,10 +148,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePoints()
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolysLegacy
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset)
 {
     // Connectivity count without additional storage (done internally)
 
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolysLegacy
 
         auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-        label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+        label off = pointOffset;
 
         {
             for (const face& f : pp_.localFaces())
@@ -217,10 +214,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolysLegacy
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolys
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolys(const label pointOffset)
 {
     if (format_)
     {
@@ -254,7 +248,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolys
 
             auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-            label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+            label off = pointOffset;
 
             {
                 for (const face& f : pp_.localFaces())
@@ -294,9 +288,6 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolys
         labelList vertOffsets(nLocalFaces_);
         label nOffs = vertOffsets.size();
 
-        // global connectivity offsets
-        const globalIndex procOffset(nLocalVerts_);
-
         if (parallel_)
         {
             reduce(nOffs, sumOp<label>());
@@ -311,7 +302,11 @@ void Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writePolys
         }
 
 
-        label off = procOffset.localStart();
+        // processor-local connectivity offsets
+        label off =
+        (
+            parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalVerts_).localStart() : 0
+        );
 
         auto iter = vertOffsets.begin();
 
@@ -419,15 +414,18 @@ bool Foam::vtk::indirectPatchWriter::writeGeometry()
 
     writePoints();
 
-    const globalIndex globalPointOffset(nLocalPoints_);
+    const label pointOffset =
+    (
+        parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalPoints_).localStart() : 0
+    );
 
     if (legacy())
     {
-        writePolysLegacy(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolysLegacy(pointOffset);
     }
     else
     {
-        writePolys(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolys(pointOffset);
     }
 
     return true;
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.H b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.H
index c0e989dbf0..9f3c40fb5d 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.H
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkIndPatchWriter.H
@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ SourceFiles
 
 namespace Foam
 {
-
-// Forward declarations
-class globalIndex;
-
 namespace vtk
 {
 
@@ -100,10 +96,12 @@ class indirectPatchWriter
         void writePoints();
 
         //- Write patch faces, legacy format
-        void writePolysLegacy(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset);
 
         //- Write patch faces
-        void writePolys(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolys(const label pointOffset);
 
 
         //- No copy construct
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.C b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.C
index 7bf887d232..5face8ad41 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.C
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.C
@@ -148,10 +148,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePoints()
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolysLegacy
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset)
 {
     // Connectivity count without additional storage (done internally)
 
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolysLegacy
 
         auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-        label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+        label off = pointOffset;
 
         {
             for (const face& f : faces_)
@@ -217,10 +214,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolysLegacy
 }
 
 
-void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolys
-(
-    const globalIndex& pointOffsets
-)
+void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolys(const label pointOffset)
 {
     if (format_)
     {
@@ -254,7 +248,7 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolys
 
             auto iter = vertLabels.begin();
 
-            label off = pointOffsets.localStart();
+            label off = pointOffset;
 
             {
                 for (const face& f : faces_)
@@ -294,9 +288,6 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolys
         labelList vertOffsets(nLocalFaces_);
         label nOffs = vertOffsets.size();
 
-        // global connectivity offsets
-        const globalIndex procOffset(nLocalVerts_);
-
         if (parallel_)
         {
             reduce(nOffs, sumOp<label>());
@@ -311,7 +302,12 @@ void Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writePolys
         }
 
 
-        label off = procOffset.localStart();
+        // processor-local connectivity offsets
+        label off =
+        (
+            parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalVerts_).localStart() : 0
+        );
+
 
         auto iter = vertOffsets.begin();
 
@@ -438,15 +434,18 @@ bool Foam::vtk::surfaceWriter::writeGeometry()
 
     writePoints();
 
-    const globalIndex globalPointOffset(nLocalPoints_);
+    const label pointOffset =
+    (
+        parallel_ ? globalIndex(nLocalPoints_).localStart() : 0
+    );
 
     if (legacy())
     {
-        writePolysLegacy(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolysLegacy(pointOffset);
     }
     else
     {
-        writePolys(globalPointOffset);
+        writePolys(pointOffset);
     }
 
     return true;
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.H b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.H
index f6c373559c..aa6348ff36 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.H
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkSurfaceWriter.H
@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@ SourceFiles
 
 namespace Foam
 {
-
-// Forward declarations
-class globalIndex;
-
 namespace vtk
 {
 
@@ -108,10 +104,12 @@ class surfaceWriter
         void writePoints();
 
         //- Write patch faces, legacy format
-        void writePolysLegacy(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolysLegacy(const label pointOffset);
 
         //- Write patch faces
-        void writePolys(const globalIndex& pointOffsets);
+        //  \param pointOffset processor-local point offset
+        void writePolys(const label pointOffset);
 
 
         //- No copy construct
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteCellSetFaces.C b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteCellSetFaces.C
index 09227deb24..b6323a3e3e 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteCellSetFaces.C
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteCellSetFaces.C
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writeCellSetFaces
 {
     typedef IndirectList<face> FaceListType;
 
-    const globalIndex cellIdOffset(mesh.nCells());
-
     indirectPrimitivePatch pp
     (
         FaceListType(mesh.faces(), labelList()),
@@ -88,22 +86,6 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writeCellSetFaces
     // Use these faces
     faces.resetAddressing(cellFaces.sortedToc());
 
-    // For each face, the corresponding cellID
-
-    labelList faceValues(faces.size());
-
-    // Cell ID
-    {
-        const labelList& faceIds = faces.addressing();
-
-        const label off = cellIdOffset.localStart();
-
-        forAll(faceValues, facei)
-        {
-            faceValues[facei] = cellFaces[faceIds[facei]] + off;
-        }
-    }
-
     //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     indirectPatchWriter writer(pp, opts);
@@ -115,15 +97,32 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writeCellSetFaces
 
     //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    // CellData - cellID only
+    // CellData - faceID only
+
+    writer.beginCellData(1);
     {
-        writer.beginCellData(1);
+        // For each face, the corresponding cellID
+
+        labelList faceValues(faces.size());
+
+        const labelList& faceIds = faces.addressing();
+
+        // processor-local cellID offset
+        const label cellIdOffset =
+        (
+            writer.parallel() ? globalIndex(mesh.nCells()).localStart() : 0
+        );
+
+        forAll(faceValues, facei)
+        {
+            faceValues[facei] = cellFaces[faceIds[facei]] + cellIdOffset;
+        }
 
         writer.write("faceID", faceValues);
-
-        // End CellData/PointData is implicit
     }
 
+    // End CellData/PointData is implicit
+
     writer.close();
 
     return true;
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteFaceSet.C b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteFaceSet.C
index 28003c9be2..7cc75e04fc 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteFaceSet.C
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWriteFaceSet.C
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writeFaceSet
 {
     typedef IndirectList<face> FaceListType;
 
-    const globalIndex faceIdOffset(mesh.nFaces());
-
     indirectPrimitivePatch pp
     (
         FaceListType(mesh.faces(), labelList()),
@@ -69,7 +67,17 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writeFaceSet
         writer.beginCellData(1);
 
         labelField faceValues(faces.addressing());
-        faceValues += faceIdOffset.localStart();
+
+        // processor-local faceID offset
+        const label faceIdOffset =
+        (
+            writer.parallel() ? globalIndex(mesh.nFaces()).localStart() : 0
+        );
+
+        if (faceIdOffset)
+        {
+            faceValues += faceIdOffset;
+        }
 
         writer.write("faceID", faceValues);
 
diff --git a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWritePointSet.C b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWritePointSet.C
index 1952c3a2fc..667bcb3641 100644
--- a/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWritePointSet.C
+++ b/src/meshTools/output/foamVtkWritePointSet.C
@@ -94,8 +94,6 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writePointSet
 
     //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    const globalIndex pointIdOffset(mesh.nPoints());
-
     labelField pointLabels(set.sortedToc());
 
     label numberOfPoints = pointLabels.size();
@@ -206,6 +204,8 @@ bool Foam::vtk::writePointSet
 
     if (parallel)
     {
+        const globalIndex pointIdOffset(mesh.nPoints());
+
         vtk::writeListParallel(format.ref(), pointLabels, pointIdOffset);
     }
     else