diff --git a/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/InterfaceCompositionModel/InterfaceCompositionModels.C b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/InterfaceCompositionModel/InterfaceCompositionModels.C index fdc88ca85e..9218f01533 100644 --- a/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/InterfaceCompositionModel/InterfaceCompositionModels.C +++ b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/InterfaceCompositionModel/InterfaceCompositionModels.C @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ \\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com \\/ M anipulation | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Copyright (C) 2017 OpenCFD Ltd. + Copyright (C) 2017-2021 OpenCFD Ltd. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- License This file is part of OpenFOAM. @@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ License #include "kineticGasEvaporation.H" #include "Lee.H" #include "interfaceHeatResistance.H" +#include "interfaceOxideRate.H" // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // @@ -573,6 +574,37 @@ namespace Foam hPowerSolidThermoPhysics ); + + // interfaceOxideRate model definitions + + //From pure phase (tabulated) to solid phase (const) + makeInterfacePureType + ( + interfaceOxideRate, + heRhoThermo, + rhoThermo, + pureMixture, + tabulatedThermoPhysics, + heSolidThermo, + solidThermo, + pureMixture, + hConstSolidThermoPhysics + ); + + // From pure phase (rho const) to phase (rho const) + makeInterfacePureType + ( + interfaceOxideRate, + heRhoThermo, + rhoThermo, + pureMixture, + constRhoHThermoPhysics, + heRhoThermo, + rhoThermo, + pureMixture, + constRhoHThermoPhysics + ); + } diff --git a/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.C b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.C new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..617940487b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.C @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox + \\ / O peration | + \\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com + \\/ M anipulation | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Copyright (C) 2021 OpenCFD Ltd. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +License + This file is part of OpenFOAM. + + OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or + FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License + for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with OpenFOAM. If not, see . + +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +#include "interfaceOxideRate.H" +#include "cutCellIso.H" +#include "volPointInterpolation.H" +#include "timeVaryingMassSorptionFvPatchScalarField.H" + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +template +Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate +::interfaceOxideRate +( + const dictionary& dict, + const phasePair& pair +) +: + InterfaceCompositionModel(dict, pair), + C_ + ( + dimensionedScalar + ( + dimDensity/dimTime, + dict.getCheck("C", scalarMinMax::ge(0)) + ) + ), + Tliquidus_ + ( + dimensionedScalar + ( + dimTemperature, + dict.getCheck("Tliquidus", scalarMinMax::ge(0)) + ) + ), + Tsolidus_ + ( + dimensionedScalar + ( + dimTemperature, + dict.getCheck("Tsolidus", scalarMinMax::ge(0)) + ) + ), + oxideCrit_ + ( + dimensionedScalar + ( + dimDensity, + dict.getCheck("oxideCrit", scalarMinMax::ge(0)) + ) + ), + mDotOxide_ + ( + IOobject + ( + "mDotOxide", + this->mesh_.time().timeName(), + this->mesh_, + IOobject::NO_READ, + IOobject::AUTO_WRITE + ), + this->mesh_, + dimensionedScalar(dimDensity/dimTime, Zero) + ), + isoAlpha_(dict.getOrDefault("isoAlpha", 0.5)) +{} + + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +template +Foam::tmp +Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate::Kexp +( + const volScalarField& T +) +{ + const volScalarField& from = this->pair().from(); + const volScalarField& to = this->pair().to(); + + // (CSC:Eq. 2) + const fvMesh& mesh = this->mesh_; + scalarField ap + ( + volPointInterpolation::New(mesh).interpolate(from) + ); + + cutCellIso cutCell(mesh, ap); + + tmp tSalpha = scalar(0)*from; + volScalarField& Salpha = tSalpha.ref(); + + forAll(Salpha, celli) + { + const label status = cutCell.calcSubCell(celli, isoAlpha_); + if (status == 0) // cell is cut + { + Salpha[celli] = scalar(1); + } + } + + // (CSC:Eq. 5) + tmp tSoxide = + max((oxideCrit_.value() - to)/oxideCrit_.value(), scalar(0)); + + // (CSC:Eq. 4) + tmp tST = + Foam::exp + ( + scalar(1) + - scalar(1)/max((T - Tsolidus_)/(Tliquidus_ - Tsolidus_),scalar(1e-6)) + ); + + // (CSC:Eq. 6) + mDotOxide_ = C_*tSalpha*tSoxide*tST; + + const volScalarField::Boundary& alphab = to.boundaryField(); + + forAll(alphab, patchi) + { + if (isA(alphab[patchi])) + { + const auto& pp = + refCast + ( + alphab[patchi] + ); + const labelUList& fc = mesh.boundary()[patchi].faceCells(); + tmp tsb = pp.source(); + + auto tRhoto = tmp::New + ( + IOobject + ( + "tRhoto", + mesh.time().timeName(), + mesh + ), + mesh, + dimensionedScalar(dimDensity, Zero) + ); + volScalarField& rhoto = tRhoto.ref(); + + rhoto = this->pair().to().rho(); + + forAll(fc, faceI) + { + const label cellI = fc[faceI]; + const scalar rhoI = rhoto[cellI]; + mDotOxide_[cellI] += rhoI*tsb()[faceI]; + } + } + } + + return tmp::New(mDotOxide_); +} + + +template +Foam::tmp +Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate::KSp +( + label variable, + const volScalarField& refValue +) +{ + return nullptr; +} + + +template +Foam::tmp +Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate::KSu +( + label variable, + const volScalarField& refValue +) +{ + return nullptr; +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.H b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.H new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d8f793a3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/phaseSystemModels/multiphaseInter/phasesSystem/massTransferModels/interfaceOxideRate/interfaceOxideRate.H @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox + \\ / O peration | + \\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com + \\/ M anipulation | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Copyright (C) 2021 OpenCFD Ltd. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +License + This file is part of OpenFOAM. + + OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or + FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License + for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with OpenFOAM. If not, see . + +Class + Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate + +Description + The \c interfaceOxideRate is a simple model to calculate the formation + rate of oxide inclusions (\c mDotOxide), which is a local function of + the volume fraction of reducing agent (\c alpha), temperature (\c T) + and oxide-inclusion density (\c chi). + + The oxide-inclusion formation rate is modelled as follows: + + \f[ + S_\chi = C_\chi S_\alpha S_T S_\rho + \f] + + with + + \f[ + S_\alpha = \alpha (1 - \alpha) + \f] + + \f[ + S_T = + \exp{ + 1 - \frac{1}{max(T - T_{solidus}/(T_liquidus - T_solidus), 1e-6)} + } + \f] + + \f[ + S_\rho = + max \left(\frac{\chi_{crit} - \chi_{curr}}{\chi_{curr}}, 0\right) + \f] + + where + \vartable + S_\chi | Oxide-inclusion formation rate [kg/(m^3 s)] + C_\chi | Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant [kg/(m^3 s)] + S_\alpha | Formation factor due to volume fraction of reducing agent [-] + S_T | Formation factor due to temperature [-] + S_\rho | Formation factor due to oxide-inclusion density [-] + \alpha | Volume fraction of reducing agent [-] + T | Local temperature [K] + T_{solidus} | Solidus temperature of reducing agent [K] + T_{liquidus} | Liquidus temperature of reducing agent [K] + \chi_{crit} | Critical oxide-inclusion density [kg/m^3] + \chi_{curr} | Current oxide-inclusion density [kg/m^3] + \endvartable + + References: + \verbatim + Oxide-inclusion model (tag:CSC): + Cao, L., Sun, F., Chen, T., Tang, Y., & Liao, D. (2018). + Quantitative prediction of oxide inclusion defects inside + the casting and on the walls during cast-filling processes. + International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 119, 614-623. + DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.11.127 + \endverbatim + +Usage + Minimal example by using \c constant/phaseProperties.massTransferModel: + \verbatim + massTransferModel + ( + (liquid to oxide) + { + type interfaceOxideRate; + C ; + Tliquidus ; + Tsolidus ; + oxideCrit ; + isoAlpha ; + } + ); + \endverbatim + + where the entries mean: + \table + Property | Description | Type | Reqd | Deflt + type | Type name: interfaceOxideRate | word | yes | - + C | Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant | scalar | yes | - + Tliquidus | Liquidus temperature of reducing agent | scalar | yes | - + Tsolidus | Solidus temperature of reducing agent | scalar | yes | - + oxideCrit | Critical oxide-inclusion density | scalar | yes | - + isoAlpha | Location of the source | scalar | no | 0.5 + \endtable + +Note + - \c oxideCrit should be determined experimentally (CSC:p. 616). + - \c C should be determined by practical production (CSC:p. 616). + +SourceFiles + interfaceOxideRate.C + +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +#ifndef meltingEvaporationModels_interfaceOxideRate_H +#define meltingEvaporationModels_interfaceOxideRate_H + +#include "InterfaceCompositionModel.H" + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *// + +namespace Foam +{ + +// Forward Declarations +class phasePair; + +namespace meltingEvaporationModels +{ + +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + Class interfaceOxideRate Declaration +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +template +class interfaceOxideRate +: + public InterfaceCompositionModel +{ + // Private Data + + //- Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant + const dimensionedScalar C_; + + //- Liquidus temperature of reducing agent (e.g. a casting metal) + const dimensionedScalar Tliquidus_; + + //- Solidus temperature of reducing agent (e.g. a casting metal) + const dimensionedScalar Tsolidus_; + + //- Critical oxide-inclusion density + const dimensionedScalar oxideCrit_; + + //- Oxide-inclusion formation rate + volScalarField mDotOxide_; + + //- Interface Iso-value + scalar isoAlpha_; + + +public: + + //- Runtime type information + TypeName("interfaceOxideRate"); + + + // Constructors + + //- Construct from components + interfaceOxideRate + ( + const dictionary& dict, + const phasePair& pair + ); + + + //- Destructor + virtual ~interfaceOxideRate() = default; + + + // Member Functions + + //- Explicit total mass transfer coefficient + virtual tmp Kexp + ( + const volScalarField& field + ); + + //- Implicit mass transfer coefficient + virtual tmp KSp + ( + label modelVariable, + const volScalarField& field + ); + + //- Explicit mass transfer coefficient + virtual tmp KSu + ( + label modelVariable, + const volScalarField& field + ); + + //- Return solidus temperature of reducing agent + virtual const dimensionedScalar& Tactivate() const noexcept + { + return Tsolidus_; + } + + //- Add/subtract alpha*div(U) as a source term + //- for alpha, substituting div(U) = mDot(1/rho1 - 1/rho2) + virtual bool includeDivU() const noexcept + { + return true; + } +}; + + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +} // End namespace meltingEvaporationModels +} // End namespace Foam + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +#ifdef NoRepository +# include "interfaceOxideRate.C" +#endif + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // +#endif + +// ************************************************************************* //