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for incompressible flows. The typical convention of appending the primal
field name with 'a' to form the adjoint field is followed for the
adjoint turbulent kinetic energy (i.e. 'ka') but since this would produce
an ugly variable name for the adjoint to omega (i.e. omegaa), the latter
is abbreviated to 'wa'.
The work is based on
\verbatim
Kavvadias, I., Papoutsis-Kiachagias, E.,
Dimitrakopoulos, G., & Giannakoglou, K. (2014).
The continuous adjoint approach to the k–$omega$ SST turbulence model with
applications in shape optimization
Engineering Optimization, 47(11), 1523-1542.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2014.979816
\endverbatim
with changes in the discretisation of
a number of differential operators and the formulation of the adjoint to
the wall functions employed by the primal model.
Regarding the latter, the code assumes (and differentiates) the default
behaviour of nutkWallFunction (i.e. nutWallFunction::blendingType::STEPWISE)
and omegaWallFunction (i.e. omegaWallFunction::blendingType::BINOMIAL2).
Due to the availability of a number of terms required for the
formulation of the wall function for ka, the latter is implemented
within adjointkOmegaSST itself, with contributions from objective functions
implemented within kaqRWallFunction. Wall functions for wa are
implemented within waWallFunction.
The initial implementation of the above-mentioned reference was
performed by Dr. Ioannis Kavvadias