Add self-citation
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@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ Examples
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Description
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"""""""""""
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This fix implements the QEqR method for charge equilibration, which
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differs from the QEq charge equilibration method :ref:`(Rappe and
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Goddard) <Rappe4>` only in how external electric fields are accounted
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for. This fix therefore raises a warning when used without :doc:`fix
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efield <fix_efield>` since :doc:`fix qeq/reaxff <fix_qeq_reaxff>` should
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be used without an external electric field. Charges are computed with
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.. versionadded:: 2Apr2025
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This fix implements the QEqR method :ref:`(Lalli) <lalli2>` for charge
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equilibration, which differs from the QEq charge equilibration method
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:ref:`(Rappe and Goddard) <Rappe4>` only in how external electric fields
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are accounted for. This fix therefore raises a warning when used without
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:doc:`fix efield <fix_efield>` since :doc:`fix qeq/reaxff <fix_qeq_reaxff>`
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should be used without an external electric field. Charges are computed with
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the QEqR method by minimizing the electrostatic energy of the system in
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the same way as the QEq method but where the absolute electronegativity,
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:math:`\chi_i`, of each atom in the QEq method is replaced with an
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@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ external electric field and :math:`S_{ij}` is the overlap integral
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between atoms :math:`i` and :math:`j`. This formulation is advantageous
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over the method used by :doc:`fix qeq/reaxff <fix_qeq_reaxff>` to
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account for an external electric field in that it permits periodic
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boundaries in the direction of an external electric field and in that it
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does not worsen long-range charge transfer seen with QEq.
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boundaries in the direction of an external electric field and in
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that it does not worsen long-range charge transfer seen with
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QEq. See :ref:`Lalli <lalli2>` for further details.
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This fix is typically used in conjunction with the ReaxFF force field
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model as implemented in the :doc:`pair_style reaxff <pair_reaxff>`
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@ -184,6 +185,10 @@ scale = 1.0 and maxiter = 200
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----------
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.. _lalli2:
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**(Lalli)** Lalli and Giusti, Journal of Chemical Physics, 162, 174311 (2025).
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.. _Rappe4:
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**(Rappe)** Rappe and Goddard III, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 95,
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@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ and atom :math:`j`.
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The effect of an external electric field can be incorporated into the QTPIE
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method by modifying the absolute or effective electronegativities of each
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atom :ref:`(Chen) <qtpie-Chen>`. This fix models the effect of an external
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electric field by using the effective electronegativity given in
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:ref:`(Gergs) <Gergs>`:
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electric field by using the effective electronegativity :ref:`(Lalli) <lalli>`
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.. math::
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\tilde{\chi}_{\mathrm{r}i} = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^{N} (\chi_i - \chi_j + \beta(\phi_i - \phi_j)) S_{ij}}
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@ -68,7 +67,8 @@ electric field by using the effective electronegativity given in
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where :math:`\beta` is a scaling factor and :math:`\phi_i` and :math:`\phi_j`
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are the electric potentials at the positions of atoms :math:`i` and :math:`j`
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due to the external electric field.
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due to the external electric field. Additional details regarding the
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implementation and performance of this fix are provided in :ref:`Lalli <lalli>`.
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This fix is typically used in conjunction with the ReaxFF force
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field model as implemented in the :doc:`pair_style reaxff <pair_reaxff>`
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@ -206,10 +206,9 @@ scale = 1.0 and maxiter = 200
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**(Chen)** Chen, Jiahao. Theory and applications of fluctuating-charge models.
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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.
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.. _Gergs:
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.. _lalli:
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**(Gergs)** Gergs, Dirkmann and Mussenbrock.
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Journal of Applied Physics 123.24 (2018).
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**(Lalli)** Lalli and Giusti, Journal of Chemical Physics, 162, 174311 (2025).
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.. _qeq-Aktulga2:
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@ -1320,7 +1320,6 @@ Geocomputing
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georg
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Georg
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Geotechnica
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Gergs
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germain
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Germann
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Germano
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@ -1348,6 +1347,7 @@ Gillan
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Gingold
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Gissinger
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github
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Giusti
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gjf
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gjwagne
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gl
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@ -1914,6 +1914,7 @@ Lachet
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Lackmann
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Ladd
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lagrangian
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Lalli
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lambdai
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LambdaLanczos
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Lambrecht
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