multiphaseEulerFoam: Added models

Added solid particle coalescence model by Adachi, Stuart and Fokkink
(1994), solid particle breakage model by Kusters (1991) and spherical
particle lift force model by Saffman-Mei (1992).

Patch contributed by Kasper Gram Bilde and Institute of Fluid Dynamics,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/Make/files

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ liftModels/noLift/noLift.C
 liftModels/constantLiftCoefficient/constantLiftCoefficient.C
 liftModels/Moraga/Moraga.C
 liftModels/LegendreMagnaudet/LegendreMagnaudet.C
+liftModels/SaffmanMei/SaffmanMei.C
 liftModels/TomiyamaLift/TomiyamaLift.C
 liftModels/wallDampedLift/wallDampedLift.C
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/SaffmanMei/SaffmanMei.C

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "SaffmanMei.H"
+#include "fvcCurl.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace liftModels
+{
+    defineTypeNameAndDebug(SaffmanMei, 0);
+    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(liftModel, SaffmanMei, dictionary);
+}
+}
+
+using Foam::constant::mathematical::twoPi;
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::liftModels::SaffmanMei::SaffmanMei
+(
+    const dictionary& dict,
+    const phaseInterface& interface
+)
+:
+    dispersedLiftModel(dict, interface),
+    residualRe_("residualRe", dimless, dict)
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Destructor  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::liftModels::SaffmanMei::~SaffmanMei()
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::liftModels::SaffmanMei::Cl() const
+{
+    volScalarField Re(max(interface_.Re(), residualRe_));
+    volScalarField Rew
+    (
+        mag(fvc::curl(interface_.continuous().U()))
+       *sqr(interface_.dispersed().d())
+       /(
+            interface_.continuous().thermo().nu()
+          + dimensionedScalar(dimViscosity, rootVSmall)
+        )
+    );
+
+    volScalarField Cld
+    (
+        neg0(Re - 40)*6.46
+       *(
+           (1 - 0.3314*sqrt(0.5*(Rew/Re)))*exp(-0.1*Re)
+         + 0.3314*sqrt(0.5*(Rew/Re))
+        )
+      + pos(Re - 40)*6.46*0.0524*sqrt(0.5*(Rew/Re)*Re)
+    );
+
+    return 3/(twoPi*sqrt(Rew + rootVSmall))*Cld;
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/SaffmanMei/SaffmanMei.H

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::liftModels::SaffmanMei
+
+Description
+    Lift model of Saffman (1965) as extended by Mei (1992). Applicable to
+    spherical particles.
+
+    References:
+    \verbatim
+        Saffman, P. G. T. (1965).
+        The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow.
+        Journal of fluid mechanics, 22(2), 385-400.
+
+        Mei, R. (1992).
+        An approximate expression for the shear lift force on a spherical
+        particle at finite Reynolds number.
+        International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 18(1), 145-147.
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    SaffmanMei.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef SaffmanMei_H
+#define SaffmanMei_H
+
+#include "dispersedLiftModel.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace liftModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                         Class SaffmanMei Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+class SaffmanMei
+:
+    public dispersedLiftModel
+{
+    // Private Data
+
+        //- Residual Reynold's number
+        const dimensionedScalar residualRe_;
+
+
+public:
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("SaffmanMei");
+
+
+    // Constructors
+
+        //- Construct from a dictionary and an interface
+        SaffmanMei
+        (
+            const dictionary& dict,
+            const phaseInterface& interface
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~SaffmanMei();
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Lift coefficient
+        virtual tmp<volScalarField> Cl() const;
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace liftModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/Make/files

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel/populationBalanceModel.C
 
 coalescenceModels = populationBalanceModel/coalescenceModels
 $(coalescenceModels)/coalescenceModel/coalescenceModel.C
+$(coalescenceModels)/AdachiStuartFokkink/AdachiStuartFokkink.C
 $(coalescenceModels)/ballisticCollisions/ballisticCollisions.C
 $(coalescenceModels)/BrownianCollisions/BrownianCollisions.C
 $(coalescenceModels)/constantCoalescence/constantCoalescence.C
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ $(binaryBreakupModels)/powerLawUniformBinary/powerLawUniformBinary.C
 breakupModels = populationBalanceModel/breakupModels
 $(breakupModels)/breakupModel/breakupModel.C
 $(breakupModels)/exponential/exponential.C
+$(breakupModels)/Kusters/Kusters.C
 $(breakupModels)/Laakkonen/Laakkonen.C
 $(breakupModels)/powerLaw/powerLaw.C
 

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/breakupModels/Kusters/Kusters.C

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "Kusters.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace diameterModels
+{
+namespace breakupModels
+{
+    defineTypeNameAndDebug(Kusters, 0);
+    addToRunTimeSelectionTable
+    (
+        breakupModel,
+        Kusters,
+        dictionary
+    );
+}
+}
+}
+
+using Foam::constant::mathematical::pi;
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::diameterModels::breakupModels::Kusters::Kusters
+(
+    const populationBalanceModel& popBal,
+    const dictionary& dict
+)
+:
+    breakupModel(popBal, dict),
+    B_("B", dimensionSet(0, 3, -3, 0, 0), dict),
+    dP_("dP", dimLength, dict),
+    kc_(dimensionedScalar::lookupOrDefault("kc", dict, dimless, 1)),
+    Df_("Df", dimless, dict)
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+void Foam::diameterModels::breakupModels::Kusters::setBreakupRate
+(
+    volScalarField& breakupRate,
+    const label i
+)
+{
+    const sizeGroup& fi = popBal_.sizeGroups()[i];
+    breakupRate =
+        sqrt
+        (
+            4*popBal_.continuousTurbulence().epsilon()
+           /(15*pi*popBal_.continuousPhase().thermo().nu())
+        )
+       *exp
+        (
+          - B_/(dP_*0.5*pow(pow(fi.d()/dP_, Df_)/kc_, 1/Df_))
+           /popBal_.continuousTurbulence().epsilon()
+        );
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/breakupModels/Kusters/Kusters.H

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::diameterModels::breakupModels::Kusters
+
+Description
+    Solid particle breakage model of Kusters (1991). The breakage rate is
+    calculated by
+
+    \f[
+        \sqrt{\frac{4}{15\pi}}\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon}{\nu}}
+        \exp\left(-\frac{\epsilon_{crit}}{\epsilon}\right)
+    \f]
+
+    \f[
+        \epsilon_{crit}=\frac{B}{R_{ci}}
+    \f]
+
+    \f[
+        R_{ci} = 0.5d_{p}\left(\frac{n_i}{k_c}\right)^{1/D_f}
+    \f]
+
+    \f[
+        n_i = \left(\frac{d_i}{d_{p}}\right)^{D_f}
+    \f]
+
+    where
+
+    \vartable
+        B               |   Critical force parameter for breakage [m3/s3]
+        d_i             |   Diameter of transported particle [m]
+        d_{p}           |   Diameter of primary particles [m]
+        D_f             |   Fractal dimension of particle [-]
+        k_c             |   Constant relative to packing density [-]
+        n_i             |   Number of primary particles in agglomerate [-]
+        \nu             |   Kinematic viscosity of continuous phase [m2/s]
+        \epsilon        |   Continuous phase turbulent dissipation rate [m2/s3]
+        \epsilon_{crit} |   Critical turbulent dissipation rate [m2/s3]
+    \endvartable
+
+    Reference:
+    \verbatim
+        Kusters, K. A. (1991).
+        The influence of turbulence on aggregation of small particles in
+        agitated vessels.
+        PhD Thesis
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    Kusters.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef Kusters_H
+#define Kusters_H
+
+#include "breakupModel.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace diameterModels
+{
+namespace breakupModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                           Class Kusters Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+class Kusters
+:
+    public breakupModel
+{
+    // Private Data
+
+        //- Model coefficient
+        dimensionedScalar  B_;
+
+        //- Primary particle diameter
+        dimensionedScalar dP_;
+
+        //- Packing density coefficient
+        dimensionedScalar kc_;
+
+        //- Fractal dimension
+        dimensionedScalar Df_;
+
+
+public:
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("Kusters");
+
+    // Constructor
+
+        Kusters
+        (
+            const populationBalanceModel& popBal,
+            const dictionary& dict
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~Kusters()
+    {}
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Set total breakupRate
+        virtual void setBreakupRate
+        (
+            volScalarField& breakupRate,
+            const label i
+        );
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace breakupModels
+} // End namespace diameterModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/coalescenceModels/AdachiStuartFokkink/AdachiStuartFokkink.C

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include "AdachiStuartFokkink.H"
+#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace diameterModels
+{
+namespace coalescenceModels
+{
+    defineTypeNameAndDebug(AdachiStuartFokkink, 0);
+    addToRunTimeSelectionTable
+    (
+        coalescenceModel,
+        AdachiStuartFokkink,
+        dictionary
+    );
+}
+}
+}
+
+using Foam::constant::mathematical::pi;
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+Foam::diameterModels::coalescenceModels::AdachiStuartFokkink::
+AdachiStuartFokkink
+(
+    const populationBalanceModel& popBal,
+    const dictionary& dict
+)
+:
+    coalescenceModel(popBal, dict)
+{}
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+void Foam::diameterModels::coalescenceModels::AdachiStuartFokkink::
+addToCoalescenceRate
+(
+    volScalarField& coalescenceRate,
+    const label i,
+    const label j
+)
+{
+    const sizeGroup& fi = popBal_.sizeGroups()[i];
+    const sizeGroup& fj = popBal_.sizeGroups()[j];
+
+    coalescenceRate +=
+        (4.0/3.0)
+       *sqrt
+        (
+            0.3*pi*popBal_.continuousTurbulence().epsilon()
+           /popBal_.continuousPhase().thermo().nu()
+        )
+       *pow3(fi.d() + fj.d());
+}
+
+
+// ************************************************************************* //

applications/solvers/multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/phaseSystems/populationBalanceModel/coalescenceModels/AdachiStuartFokkink/AdachiStuartFokkink.H

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+  =========                 |
+  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
+   \\    /   O peration     | Website:  https://openfoam.org
+    \\  /    A nd           | Copyright (C) 2022 OpenFOAM Foundation
+     \\/     M anipulation  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+License
+    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
+
+    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+    for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Class
+    Foam::diameterModels::coalescenceModels::AdachiStuartFokkink
+
+Description
+    Model describing aggregation of solid particles in turbulent flows.
+    Applicable when particles are smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale.
+    The coalescence rate is calculated by
+
+    f\[
+        \frac{4}{3}\left(\frac{3\pi}{10}\right)^{0.5}
+        \left(\frac{\epsilon}{\nu}\right)^{0.5}(d_i+d_j)^3
+    \f]
+
+    where
+
+    \vartable
+        d_i      | Diameter of particle i [m]
+        d_j      | Diameter of particle j [m]
+        \nu      | Kinematic viscosity of continuous phase [m2/s]
+        \epsilon | Continuous phase turbulent dissipation rate [m2/s3]
+    \endtable
+
+    Reference:
+    \verbatim
+        Adachi, Y., Stuart, M. C., & Fokkink, R. (1994).
+        Kinetics of turbulent coagulation studied by means of end-over-end
+        rotation.
+        Journal of colloid and interface science, 165(2), 310-317.
+    \endverbatim
+
+SourceFiles
+    AdachiStuartFokkink.C
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#ifndef AdachiStuartFokkink_H
+#define AdachiStuartFokkink_H
+
+#include "coalescenceModel.H"
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+namespace Foam
+{
+namespace diameterModels
+{
+namespace coalescenceModels
+{
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+                     Class AdachiStuartFokkink Declaration
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+class AdachiStuartFokkink
+:
+    public coalescenceModel
+{
+public:
+
+    //- Runtime type information
+    TypeName("AdachiStuartFokkink");
+
+    // Constructor
+
+        AdachiStuartFokkink
+        (
+            const populationBalanceModel& popBal,
+            const dictionary& dict
+        );
+
+
+    //- Destructor
+    virtual ~AdachiStuartFokkink()
+    {}
+
+
+    // Member Functions
+
+        //- Add to coalescenceRate
+        virtual void addToCoalescenceRate
+        (
+            volScalarField& coalescenceRate,
+            const label i,
+            const label j
+        );
+};
+
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+} // End namespace coalescenceModels
+} // End namespace diameterModels
+} // End namespace Foam
+
+// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
+
+#endif
+
+// ************************************************************************* //