This change adds representation of the shape of a dispersed phase. A
layer has been added to model the relationship between the
characteristic volume of a sizeGroup and its physical diameter.
Previously this relationship was represented by a constant form factor.
Currently, two shape models are available:
- spherical
- fractal (for modelling fractal agglomerates)
The latter introduces the average surface area to volume ratio, kappa,
of the entities in a size group as a secondary field-dependent internal
variable to the population balance equation, which makes the population
balance approach "quasi-"bivariate. From kappa and a constant mass
fractal dimension, a collisional diameter can be derived which affects
the coagulation rates computed by the following models:
- ballisticCollisions
- brownianCollisions
- DahnekeInterpolation
- turbulentShear
The fractal shape modelling also takes into account the effect of sintering
of primary particles on the surface area of the aggregate.
Further additions/changes:
- Time scale filtering for handling large drag and heat transfer
coefficients occurring for particles in the nanometre range
- Aerosol drag model based on Stokes drag with a Knudsen number based
correction (Cunningham correction)
- Reaction driven nucleation
- A complete redesign of the sizeDistribution functionObject
The functionality is demonstrated by a tutorial case simulating the
vapour phase synthesis of titania by titanium tetrachloride oxidation.
Patch contributed by Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden -
Rossendorf (HZDR) and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.
Added two new user parameters to wallDampingModels which allow
additional control over damping to zero in the near vicinity of the
walls.
"zeroWallDist" is a distance from the walls below which the damping
function sets the value of the model to zero.
"zeroInNearWallCells" is a switch which sets the value of the model to
zero in wall adjacent cells, regardless of their actual distance from
the wall.
Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.
All reactingEulerFoam wall boiling tutorials have been replaced with
cases that are more representative of real applications.
The wall boiling tutorials for reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam are:
RAS/wallBoiling:
Axi-symmetric wall boiling case with constant bubble diameter
RAS/wallBoilingPolyDisperse:
As wallBoiling, but with a homogenous class method population
balance for modelling the bubble diameters
RAS/wallBoilingIATE:
As wallBoiling, but with an interfacial area transport equation
for modelling the bubble diameters
The wall boiling tutorials for reactingMultiphaseEulerFoam are:
RAS/wallBoilingPolydisperseTwoGroups:
As wallBoiling, but with an inhomogenous class method population
balance for modelling the bubble diameters
Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.
Both the functionObject call context (the command line for postProcess, and the
controlDict path for run-time post-precessing) and the configuration file
context where the arguments are substituted are now printed in the error
message, e.g.
postProcess -func 'patchAverage(name=inlet, ields=(p U))'
generates the message
--> FOAM FATAL IO ERROR:
Essential value for keyword 'fields' not set in function entry
patchAverage(name=inlet, ields=(p U))
in command line postProcess -func patchAverage(name=inlet, ields=(p U))
Placeholder value is <field_names>
file: /home/dm2/henry/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-dev/etc/caseDicts/postProcessing/surfaceFieldValue/patchAverage from line 13 to line 17.
and with the following in controlDict
functions
{
#includeFunc patchAverage(name=inlet, ields=(p U))
}
generates the message
--> FOAM FATAL IO ERROR:
Essential value for keyword 'fields' not set in function entry
patchAverage(name=inlet, ields=(p U))
in file /home/dm2/henry/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-dev/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleFoam/RAS/pitzDaily/system/controlDict at line 55
Placeholder value is <field_names>
file: /home/dm2/henry/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-dev/etc/caseDicts/postProcessing/surfaceFieldValue/patchAverage from line 13 to line 17.
MPPIC requires significant extension for damping and packing modelling
to work on moving meshes. At present the predictor-corrector process
used by these models does not maintain a consistent time-state relative
to a moving mesh. The cloud needs to enact the correction track from the
original starting point, rather than from the end of the non-corrected
track. This will require additional tracking or storage and
communication steps.
Resolves bug report https://bugs.openfoam.org/view.php?id=3318
adding support for argument substitution into sub-dictionaries for
e.g. pressureDifferencePatch, white space before, in and after the argument list
and continuation lines, for example:
functions
{
#includeFunc flowRatePatch(name=inlet)
#includeFunc flowRatePatch ( name = outlet )
#includeFunc pressureDifferencePatch \
( \
patch1 = inlet, \
patch2 = outlet \
)
#includeFunc yPlus
#includeFunc residuals
}
This provides a virtual layer for which to evaluate properties of
individual species, across the entire domain. This is necessary when
computing the properties of reactions and phase changes, and this
provides a means of doing so without templating the sub-modelling on the
thermodynamics type, or performing an inefficient cell-loop over the
equivalent scalar methods.
Absolute enthalpy functions have also been added into basicThermo and
heThermo. Again, this information is likely to be necessary when
computing thermal aspects of phase changes.
A number of templated generic property calculation methods have also
been implemented in heThermo, and the various specific functions
rewritten in terms of them. This has removed the duplication of the code
associated with constructing the field types.
kappa is now obtained from the fluidThermo for laminar regions, the turbulence
model for turbulent regions and the solidThermo for solid regions. The "lookup"
option previously supported allowed for energy-temperature inconsistent and
incorrect specification of kappa and was not used. Without this incorrect
option there is now no need to specify a kappaMethod thus significantly
simplifying the use boundary conditions derived from temperatureCoupledBase.
When running in parallel the decomposed dictionary files are read from the
case directory in either un-collated or collated format and changed dictionaries
written in the form specified by the selected fileHandler.
The instance directory of the dictionary file is obtained from the file path
argument, e.g.
mpirun -np 4 foamDictionary 0.5/U \
-entry boundaryField.movingWall.value \
-set "uniform (2 0 0)" -parallel
If the -case option is specified time is created from the case
system/controlDict enabling support for parallel operation, e.g.
mpirun -np 4 \
foamDictionary -case . 0/U -entry boundaryField.movingWall.value \
-set "uniform (2 0 0)" \
-parallel
This will read and modify the 0/U field file from the processor directories even
if it is collated. To also write the 0/U file in collated format the collated
fileHandler can be specified, e.g.
mpirun -np 4 \
foamDictionary -case . 0/U -entry boundaryField.movingWall.value \
-set "uniform (2 0 0)" \
-fileHandler collated -parallel
This provides functionality for field manipulation equivalent to that provided
by the deprecated changeDictionary utility but in a more flexible and efficient
manner and with the support of fileHandlers for collated parallel operation.
Added new reaction rate fluxLimitedLangmuirHinshelwoodReactionRate which is a
variant of the standard LangmuirHinshelwoodReactionRate but with a surface flux
limiter dependent on the surface area per unit volume Av which can be supplied
either as a uniform value or a field name which is looked-up from the region
database (objectRegistry).
Description
Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction rate for gaseous reactions on surfaces
including the optional flux limiter of Waletzko and Schmidt.
References:
\verbatim
Hinshelwood, C.N. (1940).
The Kinetics of Chemical Change.
Oxford Clarendon Press
Waletzko, N., & Schmidt, L. D. (1988).
Modeling catalytic gauze reactors: HCN synthesis.
AIChE journal, 34(7), 1146-1156.
\endverbatim
Added support for patchwise evaluation of surface tension to the
phaseSystem.
Filled out submodel interfaces to make it easier to add new models.
Made submodel parameters user modifiable in LemmertChawla model.
Added Kocamustafaogullari-Ishii nucleation site density and departure
frequency models and renamed the existing KocamustafaogullariIshii
departure diameter model to KocamustafaogullariIshiiDepartureDiameter.
Relaxation is now also applied to the quenching heat flux to be
consistent with the evaporative heat flux.
Improved iteration loop diagnostics. The maximum wall temperature change
on the last iteration is printed out if the maximum number of iterations
(10) is reached.
Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.
Now that the reaction system is separated from the mixture thermodynamics it is
possible to rationalise singleStepCombustion so that it instantiates a single
reaction as it should. This simplifies the code, maintenance and the user
interface not that the combustionProperties file contains a single reaction
rather than a list.
This allows much greater flexibility in the instantiation of reaction system
which may in general depend on fields other than the thermodynamic state. This
also simplifies mixture thermodynamics removing the need for the reactingMixture
and the instantiation of all the thermodynamic package combinations depending on
it.
which are now read directly from the thermophysicalProperties dictionary for
consistency with non-reacting mixture thermodynamics. The species thermo and
reactions lists can still be in separate files if convenient and included into
the thermophysicalProperties file using the standard dictionary #include.
This formalises the flexible and extensible OpenFOAM thermodynamics and reaction
format as the direct input to OpenFOAM solvers. The CHEMKIN format is still
supported by first converting to the OpenFOAM format using the chemkinToFoam
utility.
Added limiters for the phase temperatures to prevent divergence, and
monitors to report the minimum and maximum values. Removed the
setTimeStep functionObject as the temperature limiters make this
unnecessary. Dereased the number of energy correctors and set a higher
Courant number limit to reduce the execution-time of the case.
Patch contributed by Juho Peltola, VTT.
In chemistryModel "li" is set to the current cell index but for other reacting
systems it should be set to the current index of the element for which the
reaction system is being evaluated.
In the ODESolver "li" is the current index of the element for which the ODE
system is being solved if there is a list of related systems being solved,
otherwise it can be set to 0.
Refactored the function for scaling the size group volume fractions to
better handle situations in which their sum drifts away from unity.
Scaling is now turned on by default, and can be turned off in the
solution dictionary for the population balance.
Additional revision and renaming of *Polydisperse tutorials
Patch contributed by Institute of Fluid Dynamics,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)
